<p>The Roche-a-Cri Petroglyphs, also known as the Friendship Glyphs, are a Registered Historic Place in Roche-a-Cri State Park, near Friendship, Adams County, Wisconsin. They consist of Oneota rock art, mostly petroglyphs resembling birds, canoes and geometric designs. They were added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1981. The petroglyphs were vandalized by soldiers and area settlers between 1845 and the 1880s, notably Company D of the Wisconsin 1st Cavalry Sharpshooters in 1861.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Adams County Courthouse is a Neoclassical brick building in Friendship, Adams County, Wisconsin. Designed by Arthur Peabody, it was completed in 1914. It was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1982 for its architectural significance in Adams County.</p><br>
<p>By the early 1900s, Adams County&#39;s previous courthouse in Friendship needed replacement, and in 1912 the County Board approved architectural plans for a new courthouse. At the time though, there was a rivalry between the villages of Friendship and nearby Adams. In a 1913 vote on the $30,000 bond to build the courthouse, Friendship voted overwhelmingly for, and Adams overwhelmingly against. The total support was sufficient and the project went ahead.</p><br>
<p>In 1913, the old wooden courthouse was torn down and replaced with the current brick courthouse. George Kieke was the chief construction engineer. Arthur Peabody, the UW&#39;s supervising architect at the time, designed the modest building in the Neoclassical style that somewhat recalls a Roman or Greek temple, with four colossal pilasters supporting an entablature inscribed Adams County.</p><br>
<p>One hundred years later, the courthouse is still used for public offices, and is still a central landmark in the village of Friendship.</p><br>
<p>Little Norway was a living museum of a Norwegian village located in Blue Mounds, Wisconsin. Little Norway consisted of a fully restored farm dating to the mid-19th century. It is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Little Norway closed in late 2012.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Little Norway began when Osten Olson Haugen, an immigrant from Telemark, Norway, settled on 40 acre during the 1850s. Mr. Haugen built a dwelling house and other buildings out of timber cut on the property. The Haugen family farmed the land until 1920.</p><br>
<p>In the early 1930s, a Chicago businessman named Isak Dahle was inspired by a recent tour of Norway and memories of his childhood in Southeastern Wisconsin to replicate a Norwegian farm as a gift to his family. He christened it Little Norway and gave it the Norwegian name Nissedahle—a pun on the word dal, meaning valley, and his surname. Dahle died of cancer in 1937.</p><br>
<p>The site was taken over by his relative, University of Wisconsin Agricultural Economics Department chair Asher Hobson, after Dahle died in 1937. It was taken over by his daughter Marcelaine Winner and later his grandson Scott Winner. After the end of World War II, the owners had offered to sell the facility the State of Wisconsin for $1 but the state didn&#39;t want to take on the maintenance of the property.</p><br>
<p>Little Norway closed late in 2012. Owner Scott Winner cited costs exceeds revenues for shutting it down. He has been selling off pieces of the collection to museums and private collectors to help pay a $22,000 annual tax bill. The property listed for $1.9 million as of December 2014. Since its 2012 closure, Winner has spoken with the Wisconsin Historical Society and other foundations about purchasing the property but no deal has been reached.</p><br>
<h2>Norway Building</h2><br>
<p>Perhaps the best-known attraction at Little Norway is the Norway Building which was built in Orkdal, Norway for the Norway Pavilion at Chicagos 1893 Worlds Columbian Exposition. by Christian Thams. It was moved to Little Norway and was one of the few examples of Norse stave church architecture outside of Norway. Along with the Maine State Building in Poland, Maine, the Norway building is one of the few remaining buildings from the Chicago World&#39;s Fair.</p><br>
<p>After the closing of the Chicago World&#39;s Fair, the Norway Building was sold to C.K.G. Billings, a prominent Chicago business man, and relocated by train to his vacation estate in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. While in Lake Geneva, the Norway Building passed through multiple owners, and was used primarily for recreation. During the time it was owned by the Wrigley family it was used as a private theater. The Norway Building fell into disrepair during the Great Depression. It was purchased by Little Norway founder Isak Dahle in 1935.</p><br>
<p>Following the 2012 closure of the attraction, a delegation from Orkdal, Norway, where the chapel was originally built, began to raise money to purchase the Norway Building and ship the building across the ocean. Between the Norwegian government and private donations, that amount totaled $700,000. In 2015, specialists assessed the building and began to dismantle it. The reassembled building was dedicated on September 9, 2017. A Norwegian delegation headed by the current director of the Norway Building, Arne Aspjell, will dedicate an Illinois State Historical Plaque in Jackson Park near where the original building stood in 1893 on August 25, 2018.</p><br>
<h2>Other attractions</h2><br>
<p>Stabbur – a food storehouse on a raised foundation of heavy timbers</p><br>
<p>Sod roofed cabin – built into the hillside to allow goats to graze on its rooftop</p><br>
<p>Main cabin – which once housed cattle and sheep</p><br>
<p>Spring house – shelters the pure, spring-fed water which runs through the property</p><br>
<p>Stue – the family home</p><br>
<p>Bachelors cabin – originally a loom and spinning wheel space, adapted to house Osten Haugens brother-in-law</p><br>
<p>Laden – a tool room converted to a snug cabin, roofed with old-fashioned hand-split shakes</p><br>
<p>Fort Mose  is a former Spanish fort in St. Augustine, Florida. In 1738, the governor of Spanish Florida, Manuel de Montiano, had the fort established as a free black settlement, the first to be legally sanctioned in what would become the territory of the United States. It was designated a US National Historic Landmark on October 12, 1994.</p><br>
<p>Fort Mose Historic State Park, which now includes a visitors&#39; center and small museum, is located on the edge of a salt marsh on the western side of the waterway separating the mainland from the coastal barrier islands. The original site of the 18th-century fort was uncovered in a 1986 archeological dig. The 24 acre site is now protected as a Florida state park, administered through the Anastasia State Recreation Area. Fort Mose is the "premier site on the Florida Black Heritage Trail".</p><br>
<p>In 2022, the Florida State Parks Foundation was awarded a grant from the Florida African American Cultural and Historical Grants Program to reconstruct the fort for historic purposes. Additional funds were raised from a jazz concert held shortly before the announcement.</p><br>
<p>Fort Mose has become a venue for outdoor concerts. Another blues concert was held in February 2023.</p><br>
<h2>Colonial history</h2><br>
<h3>Background</h3><br>
<p>As early as 1689, the colonial authorities of Spanish Florida had begun to offer asylum to escaped slaves fleeing from the Virginia Colony. One particular place of interest was St. Augustine, where the Spanish had established Mission Nombre de Dios with the help of Afro-Spanish slaves and settlers in the late 16th century.</p><br>
<p>In 1693, King Charles II of Spain issued a royal decree proclaiming that runaways would be granted asylum in Florida in return for converting to Catholicism, which required baptism with Christian names, and serving for four years in the colonial militia. By 1742 the community had grown into a maroon settlement similar to those in other European colonies in the Americas, and the Spanish utilized the settlement as the first line of defence against outside incursions into Florida.</p><br>
<h3>Fort Mose</h3><br>
<p>In 1738, Governor Montiano ordered construction of the Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose military fort, about 2 mi north of St. Augustine. Any fugitive slaves discovered by the Spanish were directed to head there. If they accepted Catholicism and were baptized with Christian names, and those capable served in the colonial militia, the Spanish treated them as free. The military leader at the fort, who had since 1726 been the appointed captain of the free black militia at St. Augustine, was a Mandinga born in the Gambia region of Africa, and baptized as Francisco Menéndez. He had been captured by slave traders and shipped across the Atlantic to the colony of Carolina, from where, he, like many other black enslaved persons, escaped and sought refuge in Spanish Florida. His status as a leader was solidified with the Spanish colonial authorities when he helped defend the city from a British attack led by John Palmer in 1728, and distinguished himself by his bravery. He was the de facto leader of the maroon community at Mose.</p><br>
<p>Fort Mose was the first free black settlement legally sanctioned in what would become the United States, and had a population of about 100. The village had a wall around it with dwellings inside, as well as a church and an earthen fort.</p><br>
<p>Word of the settlement of free blacks at Mose reached the British colonies of South Carolina and Georgia, and attracted escaping slaves. Fellow blacks and their Indian allies helped runaways flee southward to Florida. The Spanish colony needed skilled laborers, and the freedmen strengthened St. Augustine&#39;s military forces. In 1738 the Spanish governor established the runaways in their own fortified town (officially known as Gracia Real de Santa Teresa de Mose, but usually referred to simply as "Mose" in governmental documents of the period). This administrative action followed the example of colonial governments in the Caribbean, enabling the Spanish to hold and populate territory threatened by the Carolinians. The existence of Fort Mose is believed to have helped inspire the Stono Rebellion in September 1739. This was led by slaves who were "fresh from Africa". During the Stono revolt, several dozen Africans believed to be from the Kingdom of Kongo tried to reach Spanish Florida. Some were successful, and they rapidly adjusted to life there, as they were already baptized Catholics (Kongo was a Catholic nation) and spoke Portuguese.</p><br>
<p>As a military outpost, Mose defended the northern approach to St. Augustine, the capital of La Florida. Most of its inhabitants came originally from numerous different tribal and cultural groups in West Africa (predominately Kongos, Carabalis, and Mandinka) and had been sold into slavery in the colonies of North and South Carolina. While struggling to make their way to freedom in Florida, they had frequent interactions with many Native American peoples. By successfully defending their freedom and Spanish Florida in the mid-18th century, the black inhabitants of Fort Mose had a significant role in contemporary political conflicts between European colonial powers in the southeast.</p><br>
<p>The people of Mose made political alliances with the Spaniards along with their Indian allies, and took up arms against their former masters. Following the murder of some inhabitants at the fort by Indian allies of the British, Montiano ordered it abandoned and its inhabitants resettled in St. Augustine. The British later occupied the fort themselves.</p><br>
<p>The black militia fought beside Spanish regular soldiers against British forces under James Oglethorpe, who launched an attack on St. Augustine in 1740 during the War of Jenkins Ear. During the ensuing conflict, a Floridian force consisting of Spanish troops, Indian auxiliaries, and free black militia counterattacked Oglethorpes troops and defeated them, destroying the fort in the process. Oglethorpe was eventually forced to withdraw his forces back to Georgia, where the Black Spanish militia also participated in the unsuccessful Spanish counterattack in 1742.</p><br>
<p>By 1752, the Spanish had returned to and rebuilt Fort Mose, and the new governor forcibly relocated most of the free blacks back into the defensive settlement, from the more cosmopolitan, multilingual culture of St. Augustine.</p><br>
<p>After East Florida was ceded to the British in the 1763 Treaty of Paris, most of the free black inhabitants emigrated to Cuba with the evacuating Spanish settlers. At that time, the black population at St. Augustine and Fort Mose totaled about 3,000, of whom about three quarters were escaped slaves.</p><br>
<p>The British refurbished the fort after its evacuation by the Spanish, who later returned in 1784, once again using the fort as a military outpost. It was later occupied by the Florida Patriots, who sought to capture Florida for the newly established United States. An ambush by a Spanish and Indian alliance (again including black combatants) destroyed the fort for a final time in 1812.</p><br>
<h2>Legacy</h2><br>
<p>A haven for refugee slaves mainly from South Carolina and Georgia, Fort Mose is considered the "premier site on the Florida Black Heritage Trail". This was the network in the antebellum years preceding the American Civil War by which slaves escaped to freedom, most often to the North and Canada, but also to the Bahamas and Mexico.</p><br>
<h3>Modern identification and archaeological investigation of the site</h3><br>
<p>The site was abandoned when Spanish Florida was ceded to British in 1763 Treaty of Paris, with the community being evacuated by the Spanish to Cuba. The empty site was demolished by the British in 1812, during the War of 1812. In 1968, motivated by the recent (1963–1964) racial violence in St. Augustine (see St. Augustine movement), Frederick Eugene "Jack" Williams, a long time St. Augustine resident, historian and amateur archaeologist, located the site from an old map, purchased the land, and began a campaign, supported by the Black Caucus in the Florida legislature, to have the site excavated.</p><br>
<p>From 1986 to 1988, a team of specialists, the Fort Mose Research Team—led by Kathleen Deagan of the Florida Museum of Natural History, Jane Landers (then with University of Florida and subsequently with Vanderbilt University), and John Marron of the University of Florida—performed an archaeological and historical investigation at Fort Mose. Their work revealed the site of the original fort, as well as the second facility constructed in 1752. Their discoveries showed that Africans played important roles in the geopolitical conflicts between European colonial powers in the southeast of what is now the United States.</p><br>
<p>Documents examined by historian Jane Landers in the colonial archives of Spain, Florida, Cuba, and South Carolina reveal who lived in Mose and some idea of what their lives were like in the settlement. In 1759 the village consisted of twenty-two palm thatched huts housing thirty-seven men, fifteen women, seven boys and eight girls. The people of Mose grew their own crops and their men stood guard at the fort or patrolled the frontier in service to the crown. They attended Mass in a wooden chapel where their priest also lived. Most of them married other refugees, but some married Indian women or slaves who lived in St. Augustine.</p><br>
<p>In the first year of excavating the archaeologists uncovered remains of fort structures, including its moat, clay-daubed earthen walls and the wooden structures inside the walls. They found a wide assortment of artifacts: military paraphernalia such as gunflints, lead shot, metal buckles and hardware; household items such as pipestems, thimbles, nails, ceramics, and bottle glass; and food remnants such as burnt seeds and bone.</p><br>
<p>Fort Moses location on the small tidal channel called Mose Creek (Caño Mose) (now generally referred to as Robinson Creek) gave the Mose settlers access to the estuarine mud flats, oyster bars, salt marshes, and other tidal creeks of the Tolomato River, or North River, which joins the Matanzas River to form Matanzas Bay, St. Augustines harbor. This tidal estuary was a rich source of food. Analysis of faunal remains found at the site by the team zooarchaeologist Elizabeth Reitz indicated that the Mose villagers had a diet very similar to that of the nearby Indian communities, with a heavy dependence on marine proteins and wild foods.</p><br>
<p>From 2019 to 2024, new archaeological investigations have been carried out at the site in a project jointly sponsored by Flagler College, the University of Florida, the University of Texas at Austin, and LAMP (Lighthouse Archaeological Maritime Program), the research arm of the St. Augustine Lighthouse & Maritime Museum. These excavations are unique in that they have been conducted both on land and underwater in the surrounding creeks, resulting in a wide variety of domestic and military artifacts and food remains from the 1752-1764 Black militia along with other periods of occupation.</p><br>
<h2>Facilities</h2><br>
<p>Today, artifacts are displayed in the museum within the Visitor Center at the park. On the grounds, interpretive panels are used to illustrate the history of the site. Three replicas of historic items have been installed within the park: a choza or cooking hut, a small historic garden, and a small Spanish flat boat called a barca chata.</p><br>
<p>In January 2024, a groundbreaking ceremony was enacted for the construction of a replica of the 1738 fort on park grounds. This is intended to be a full-scale replica of the original fortification. The construction of a replica open to visitors to the park has been a goal of the Fort Mose Historical Society since the mid-1990s, though the project did not move forward in earnest until the early 2020s when major donations and grants secured the necessary funding, estimated at around $3 million. Construction is currently underway.</p><br>
<h2>In popular media</h2><br>
<p>The story of Fort Mose is told in a juvenile book published in 2010 by Deagan and Darcie MacMahon. It contains material not typically found in a children&#39;s book: an index, a long list of sources, internet resources, and documentation for all the illustrations. Landers has also written a full-length history of Spanish Florida, which covers Mose in detail.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Mosé Bourbon</h2><br>
<p>In 2022, a Black-owned Fort Lauderdale distillery released Fort Mosé Bourbon.</p><br>
<p>These panels are posted at the Visitor Center in Fort Mose Historic State Park.</p><br>
<p>Manitou Camp is a logging and fishing camp started in the 1890s on Manitou Island, part of the Apostle Islands National Lakeshore. Today, as historically, Manitou Camp is used as a campground and as a facility for fishing. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 1983 and is owned by the National Park Service.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s four Swedes who were cutting cedar on the island built a cabin in a northern European style. Their cabin remains at the camp to this day, built of cedar logs hand-flattened on two sides, joined with half-dove-tailed notches, chinked with moss, with a small cellar beneath a trapdoor in the floor. When the Swedes finished logging three of them left, but John Hanson stayed on.</p><br>
<p>Hanson fished year-round, smoked meat, gardened, and had a horse on this remote island. He built a twine shed which remains today. He was joined by a Frenchman, Gus Plud. In the 1920s or 1930s Frank Childs built a cabin there and fished in the winter with a man named Black Pete. In the early 1930s John Hanson built a smokehouse for smoking herring and venison. Later a Captain Bark winter-fished from the camp.</p><br>
<p>One objective of these fishermen was the November–December herring run. The herring were cleaned and salted right at Manitou camp, then packed into barrels for transport to Bayfield. After the lake froze, the fishermen drove dogsleds out over the ice. They hung gill nets on lines and poles under the ice and after a day or two, collected a catch of whitefish and lake trout. (One wooden fish sled remains at the camp.)</p><br>
<p>In the 1930s two Norwegian brothers, Theodore and Hjalmer Olson, fished out of Manitou Camp in winters. In 1938 they bought the camp and lived there year-round. They constructed a 14 by 18 foot log bunkhouse in a Scandinavian style, which remains, and a twine shed for storing fishing nets. The Olsons rented cabins to loggers and fishermen, and lived at Manitou camp at least into the 1980s.</p><br>
<p>Around camp there are also a couple old outhouses, a handmade windlass, boat skids, the remains of a pier, handmade fish boxes, a net reel, a net fork, tarring tank, gutting board, and salt barrels. These remnants of the fishing industry remain where they were used and left. That they were not cleaned up and redeveloped like the valuable land around most docks is what makes Manitou Camp unique in the area.</p><br>
<p>Baker is a neighborhood in Denver, Colorado, United States.</p><br>
<h2>Geography</h2><br>
<p>Baker is an area of 955 acre, approximately 1 mile south of Denver Civic Center, generally defined by these boundaries: on the north by West 6th Avenue, on the east by Broadway, on the south by West Mississippi Avenue, and on the west by the South Platte River.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>A historic district of 150 acres (approximately 30 blocks) lies in the northeast corner of the neighborhood with irregular borders that range from within a half block of Alameda Ave. and Broadway on the south and east to as far as Fox St. on the west and W. 5th Ave. on the north. The historic district designation was granted in 2000 as Baker Historic District as part of the Historic Preservation effort of the City of Denver. Criteria for designation included historical figures who lived in the neighborhood and many popular architectural styles, with several buildings designed by prominent architects within a period of significance of 1873 to 1937. With small exceptions, the same area designated as a local historic district had been entered into the National Register of Historic Places as South Side–Baker Historic District in 1985. South Side is a name used in the 1880s for a larger area from Cherry Creek to Yale Ave., mostly east of Broadway.</p><br>
<p>In addition to the historic district, three individually-designated Denver Historic Landmark buildings are within Baker&#39;s boundaries: the Coyle/Chase House at 532 W. 4th Ave., home of playwright Mary Chase, the 1st and Broadway Building at 101-115 N. Broadway, and Fire Station No. 11 at 40 W. 2nd Ave.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>"John Smith and his Mexicans" settled for a while in the summer of 1857 at the outlet of a seasonal stream into the South Platte River, extracting enough placer gold to make this location profitable. The location became known as the Mexican Diggings. Since it preceded the 1858 non-native settlement at the confluence of Cherry Creek and the South Platte River, about four miles downstream, it is thought to be the first non-native settlement of what is now Denver. The location has been established at approximately where W. Virginia Ave. would reach the S. Platte River.</p><br>
<p>James Beckwourth, a noted mountain man and former slave, settled in 1859 near the Mexican Diggings. Also that year, William and Elizabeth Byers homesteaded a nearby a portion of the riverfront. These were the first long-term non-native settlers in what became Baker. The first subdivision in Baker was platted along Santa Fe Dr. south of W. Sixth Ave. in 1872, and residential development took off in the 1880s. The part of the neighborhood north of Alameda Ave. was annexed into the city of Denver in 1883, and south of Alameda was annexed in 1889.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood includes hundreds of 19th century brick houses and 39 buildings by locally famous architect William Lang. More than 80 percent of the neighborhood was developed by 1900. In the 1970s the City of Denver named the neighborhood after Baker Junior High School (now Denver Center for International Studies at Baker) which had been named for turn of the 20th century University of Colorado president James Hutchins Baker, who never lived in the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Character</h2><br>
<p>In 2020 Baker had 6192 residents from a variety of racial, ethnic and socioeconomic backgrounds. Census racial categories of “race alone or in combination” were white 83.9%, Black or African American 5.9%, Native American 3.3%, Asian 4.8%, Native Hawaiian or other Asian Pacific Islander 0.3%, Other 13.3%. 17.9% of Baker residents identified as Hispanic or Latino. 6.8% of Baker residents were under 18 years old.</p><br>
<p>Baker&#39;s demographic makeup has changed significantly over the last two decades. In 2000, when Baker had 5,810 residents, approximately 54% identified as Latino or Hispanic. In 2010, population had declined to 4879 and the Latino proportion was about 34%. From 2000 to 2010 the number of households had changed very little, increasing about 1%. From 2010 to 2020 Baker added 1228 housing units, mostly in the form of new apartment buildings, a trend that will continue with the planned redevelopments of Broadway Marketplace and Broadway Station.</p><br>
<p>The neighborhood is a mix of industrial, residential and commercial properties with the area along I-25 having an industrial character, the area along Broadway consisting mostly of commercial retail and offices, and north of Alameda between Santa Fe and Broadway making up the residential core. South of Alameda Ave. at Broadway is a large retail center with several big box stores and further south is the former Gates Rubber factory complex, site of a major redevelopment project which stalled in the late 2000s.</p><br>
<p>Phil Milstein Park is the largest park within Baker, at 5.48 acre. It occupies the extreme northwest corner of Baker and is only accessible from outside the neighborhood. Within Baker&#39;s residential area are Dailey Park, at W. Ellsworth Ave. and S. Cherokee St. (2.66 acre), and Hector M. Flores Park, at W. 4th Ave. and N. Galapago St. (0.36 acre). Vanderbilt Park East (3.51 acre) is not yet developed, but is a designated park property within the Broadway Station redevelopment. Baker is served by several bus lines and two light rail stations, Alameda station and I-25 & Broadway station.</p><br>
<p>The Westminster Arcade  is an historic shopping center at 130 Westminster Street and 65 Weybosset Street in downtown Providence, Rhode Island erected in 1828. It is notable as the first enclosed shopping mall in the United States and has been lauded as a fine example of commercial Greek Revival architecture. It served as a shopping center for many years before falling into decline in the late 20th century. It has since been closed for renovation and rehabilitation several times, and most recently reopened its doors in October 2013 as a residential and commercial mixed-use building. It was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Arcade was developed as a commercial business venture by Cyrus Butler. Its preliminary design called for two floors of shops, and a third floor was added to the plans before construction began. The building was designed by Russell Warren and Tallman & Bucklin. Their design called for an arcaded lane of shops with skylights in the roof providing illumination, in emulation of similar structures then found in some European cities. Construction of the mall roughly followed the original plan, but some hasty alterations were made to meet the need for a vestibule and stairway on the Weybosset Street side of the building to provide access to the third floor. These were not well-constructed and required repairs in the 1940s.</p><br>
<p>At the time of the Arcades opening, there were few retail stores on the west side of the Providence River. Most shopping was located on the east side or Cheapside district. The arcade was slow to attract customers and was known as "Butlers Folly" for many years because of its distance from the retail districts. This changed when a fashionable hat shop opened next door which attracted wealthy female customers to the neighborhood. After that, Westminster Street and downtown developed into a major shopping area.</p><br>
<p>In June 1843, President John Tyler toured New England while considering a potential third-party bid for re-election. One of Tyler&#39;s several Providence stops was at the Westminster Arcade, where he reportedly shook hands with 5,000 people.</p><br>
<p>The building served as a shopping center well into the 20th century. It fell into disrepair but was rehabilitated by architects Irving B. Haynes & Associates and Gilbane Properties, and it reopened in 1980. It closed again in 2008 for renovations. It reopened in October 2013 as a mixed-use commercial and residential "micro-loft" space under real estate developer Evan Granoff of Granoff Associates LLC working with Northeast Collaborative Architects.</p><br>
<p>The Arcade was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1971 and declared a National Historic Landmark in 1976.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Arcade is a long, narrow building extending between Westminster and Weybosset Streets, north of Orange Street in downtown Providence. The two street-facing sides consist of Greek temple fronts, with six massive Ionic columns 45 ft high. These massive columns were quarried 8 mi away in Johnston and hauled over dirt roads by teams of oxen. The columns on the Westminster Street side are topped by a triangular pediment; the Weybosset Street side has a block-and-panel railing above a simple entablature. Behind these fronts are open vestibule areas with stairs leading to the upper levels. The stairs leading to the third level are somewhat crowded beneath the roofline, particularly on the Weybosset Street side, where the vestibule was a late addition occasioned by the decision to add a third floor. The long sides of the building are relatively unadorned, as it was expected by the architects that structures would eventually be built abutting them.</p><br>
<p>The interior consists of a main avenue 13 ft on the ground floor, above which the second and third floor lanes are protected by richly decorated cast iron railings capped in mahogany. The skylit roof extends the length of the building, its ridgeline aligned at the Westminster end with the top of the triangular pediment. Emphasis in all of the building&#39;s construction was on the use of fireproof materials; granite, brick, and cast iron are all used, and the roof was made of tin.</p><br>
<h2>Images</h2><br>
<p>The Balmville Tree was an old-growth eastern cottonwood growing at the intersection of River Road, Balmville Road and Commonwealth Avenue in Balmville, New York, a hamlet within the Town of Newburgh. It was the oldest tree of that species in the Eastern United States.</p><br>
<p>It was thought at first to be a Balm-of-Gilead tree, and lent that name to the surrounding community. By the late 20th century its size had led to consideration of its removal as a potential traffic hazard. The community rallied around efforts to save it, which led to its listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 2000 along with a neighboring house. The state took ownership of the land, making it New York&#39;s smallest state forest. However, the tree kept suffering structural problems, and it was finally cut down in 2015.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Local folklore has it that the tree grew when George Washington planted his walking stick while he and the Continental Army were encamped in nearby Newburgh during the final years of the Revolutionary War, but core samples of the tree have dated its growth to 1699, well before American independence. Andrew Jackson Downing, Frederic Delano, and Franklin Roosevelt were among the tree&#39;s admirers.</p><br>
<p>In the mid 20th century, it began to suffer the effects of its advanced age and vandalism. In the mid-1970s arborists recommended it be removed as a traffic hazard. However, community groups led by Richard Severo, whose house overlooked the tree, were able to save it, citing its historic value.</p><br>
<p>It has thus received considerable protection from the state and federal governments. An elaborate guy-wire system and adjacent metal pole help support it, and it and the small patch of land on which it grew are protected, both by the New York State Office of Parks, Recreation and Historic Preservation as a historic site and by the New York State Department of Environmental Conservation as a "public historic park" or state forest, making it New York&#39;s smallest at 348 square feet (31 m) in area. It has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places since 2000.</p><br>
<p>On March 27, 2009, a group of environmentally minded members of the community gathered around the tree as cherry pickers cut its branches, and gardeners from the Garden Club of Orange and Dutchess Counties and other nature organizations took buds to bring home and nurse in pots until large enough to plant in the ground. Any buds that flourish will be distributed to historically significant sites throughout the Mid Hudson Valley. As the headline of the next edition of The Sentinel proclaimed, "Balmville Tree&#39;s Longevity Could be Passed on to Descendents".</p><br>
<p>The only people to have successfully propagated a cutting from the Balmville Tree are Richard and Emoke Severo, who live next door to the tree. Of the four attempts the Severos made, after taking cuttings in 1999, the tricentennial of the Balmville Tree, only one survived which they credit to the cutting sharing the same water and soil as the original tree.</p><br>
<p>On August 5, 2015 the tree was cut down and removed by the New York State Department of Environmental Protection, which cited safety concerns. For several weeks prior to the removal, the surrounding roads were closed to traffic due to the rapid deterioration of the tree, including the danger of falling limbs. Residents did not protest, but nevertheless lamented the tree&#39;s end. "There is no Balmville without the Balmville Tree," one told a local newspaper.</p><br>
<p>A 15 ft stump remains. It is still a protected area; residents are planning to rededicate it. Many also took cuttings and will plant them in the hope of carrying on the tree genetically.</p><br>
<h2>Measurements</h2><br>
<p>At the time of its removal it was 25 feet (7.6 m) in circumference at its base, and 83 feet (25 m) high. It once reached as high as 110 feet (33. 5 m), but its crown had to be trimmed after extensive damage from Hurricane Floyd in 1999.</p><br>
<p>The Annie Russell Theatre is a historic theater in Winter Park, Florida, United States. The theatre was named after the English-born actress Annie Russell. It was designed by the German-born architect Richard Kiehnel of Kiehnel and Elliott and constructed in 1931. It is located on the premises of Rollins College. On July 15, 1998, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Russell emigrated to the United States when at an early age. After a lengthy acting career in New York City, she relocated to New Jersey when she retired, however quickly changed her mind and moved to Winter Park in 1923. Shortly thereafter, she began teaching at Rollins College, continuing to do so until she died of lung disease in 1936.</p><br>
<p>The theatre is rumored to be haunted. Visitors to the theatre have claimed to have seen a female apparition in the second story changing room. However, due to recent structural modifications, this room can no longer be accessed.</p><br>
<p>Lowell Cemetery is a cemetery located in Lowell, Massachusetts. Founded in 1841 and located on the banks of the Concord River, the cemetery is one of the oldest garden cemeteries in the nation, inspired by Mount Auburn Cemetery in Cambridge, Massachusetts. Many of Lowell&#39;s wealthy industrialists are buried here, under ornate Victorian tombstones. A 73 acre portion of the 84 acre cemetery was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The cemetery is located in the central eastern part of the city, roughly bounded on the north by Fort Hill Park, on the east by Shedd Park, on the south by railroad tracks, and on the west by the Concord River, from which it is separated by Lawrence Street, where its historic main gate is located. It occupies 84 acres of rolling terrain, much of which has been developed. The main gate is a monumental granite structure designed by C. W. Painter and built in 1862. There is a secondary gate on Knapp Avenue at the cemeterys northeast corner, which was added in 1905. There are two buildings in the cemetery: the Talbot Memorial Chapel (1885) and the Superintendents Office (1887), both Gothic Revival structures designed by Boston architect Frederick Stickney.</p><br>
<p>Roadways in the cemetery were laid out to take advantage of the natural terrain, occasionally providing vistas. The main circulation route, Washington Avenue, roughly encircles the property, with several roads providing access across the central areas. The cemetery was laid out in 1841 to a design by George P. Worcester, a civil engineer, applying principles of the rural cemetery movement that was then just coming into vogue. The cemetery has a wide variety of funerary art in diverse styles, from typical Victorian forms to the Egyptian Revival and Art Deco. Many prominent Lowell residents of the 19th and 20th centuries are interred here.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Henry Livermore Abbott – Brevet Brigadier General in the Union Army during the American Civil War</p><br>
<p>Charles Herbert Allen – Congressman; First US civilian governor of Puerto Rico</p><br>
<p>Frederick Ayer – Industrialist; co-founder of the American Woolen Company</p><br>
<p>James Cook Ayer – patent medicine tycoon</p><br>
<p>Benjamin Dean – Congressman</p><br>
<p>James B. Francis – chief engineer of Proprietors of Locks and Canals</p><br>
<p>Frederic T. Greenhalge – Congressman and Governor of Massachusetts</p><br>
<p>Chauncey Langdon Knapp – Congressman</p><br>
<p>John Locke – Congressman</p><br>
<p>John Jacob Rogers – Congressman</p><br>
<p>Edith Nourse Rogers – Congressman</p><br>
<p>Augustin Thompson – inventor of Moxie</p><br>
<p>Paul Tsongas – United States Senator</p><br>
<p>Tappan Wentworth – Congressman</p><br>
<p>The TWA Corporate Headquarters Building, located at 1735 Baltimore Avenue in the Crossroads neighborhood of downtown Kansas City, was Trans World Airlines headquarters until 1964, when the airline moved to New York City.</p><br>
<p>The selection of Kansas City as the headquarters for TWA (Transcontinental Air Transport after it merged with Western Air Express, initially T&WA) was said to have been made by Charles Lindbergh. The building was designed by architects Raymond E. Bales, Jr. and Morris Schechter and built by the Long Construction Company of Kansas City; site work began in May 1955, and construction was completed on October 31, 1956. The buildings exterior was decorated in TWAs signature red and white corporate colors. The three-story L-shaped commercial facility was dominated by aluminum panels and corrugated concrete paneling. It was constructed using the Youtz-Slick construction method, in which steel support beams were first erected and then concrete slabs were poured at ground level and lifted into place by hydraulic jacks; the slabs were then bolted and welded onto the beams, which allowed for a reduction in construction costs and construction time.</p><br>
<p>By 1964 TWA had become a major international figure in aviation, which prompted a move of the airlines executive offices to New York City. The 1735 Baltimore building remained the headquarters for TWAs accounting department, ticket office, credit department, and cargo department until 1969; the airline continued to use the building for training its flight attendants until opening the Breech Academy in nearby suburban Overland Park, KS in 1969.</p><br>
<p>In 2002 the TWA building was added to the National Register of Historic Places. It had been vacant for several years, though plans as late as 2003 called for it to be converted to residential condominiums under the name of TWA Lofts LLC. Instead, in early 2005, the Kansas City-based urban development firm The Nicholson Group hired local architectural firm el dorado inc to design and coordinate the restoration. Following the renovation, it was then leased to the Kansas City-based advertising agency Barkley Inc. the agency moved into the renovated building on November 14, 2006.</p><br>
<h2>TWA Moonliner II</h2><br>
<p>During TWAs heyday, its headquarters building was easily identified by the 22 ft TWA Moonliner II rocket that stood on the roofs southwest corner. It was modeled after the original 76 ft, one-third scale TWA Moonliner at Disneylands Tomorrowland attraction; TWA was the Moonliners corporate sponsor until 1962. The Moonliner II was then removed from the buildings roof by TWAs new owners, shortly after Howard Hughes sold his controlling interest in the airline. The iconic rocket was then sold to SpaceCraft, a Kansas City, MO travel-trailer company.</p><br>
<p>When SpaceCraft moved to Concordia, MO in 1970, the by then all-white Moonliner II moved with them. There it slowly fell into disrepair for the next 25 years, as it stood on a campground located nearby their travel-trailer manufacturing plant, just south of Interstate 70 between Kansas City and St. Louis. The deteriorated Moonliner replica was then sold to and carefully restored by a longtime Disney collector, until once again sporting its original red and white TWA markings. The restored Moonliner II is now on display at Kansas City&#39;s National Airline History Museum located at the Charles B. Wheeler Downtown Airport; at this location, the restored rocket stands about five miles (8 km) from its original TWA roof-top location.</p><br>
<p>The historic restoration of the TWA headquarters building led to the fabrication of a brand new Moonliner II replica begun in March 2006 by the Kansas City office of the Bratton Corporation. The completed replica was installed on September 29 of that year at the same southwest corner roof location as the original.</p><br>
<p>Fort Harker, located near Stevenson, Alabama, was a military fortification built by the Union Army during the American Civil War. Constructed in the summer of 1862 by soldiers and freed slaves of the Army of the Cumberland, the fort helped secure strategic railroad lines to ensure the free movement of Union troops and supplies in southeastern Tennessee and northeastern Alabama. Union General William Rosecrans established his headquarters at Fort Harker in July, 1863, from where he directed a successful campaign against the position of Confederate General Braxton Bragg in Chattanooga, Tennessee. The fort would be abandoned after the war and fall into disrepair. After restoration, the site became a city park in 1985.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Fort Harker was built to defend a strategic position captured by Union troops in northeastern Alabama. Situated atop a hill east of the town of Stevenson, it was constructed in the summer of 1862 by soldiers and freed slaves of the Army of the Cumberland, commanded by Union General William Rosecrans. Stevenson was located at the junction for the Memphis and Charleston Railroad and the Nashville and Chattanooga Railroad. The location of the fort placed it within firing range of the town, railroads, supply depots, and warehouses. In addition to Fort Harker, the Union Army established a hospital and a refugee camp in the town. The Union position would prevent Confederate troops from using the railroads in the defense of Chattanooga and secure critical supply lines for the Army of the Cumberland.</p><br>
<p>The design of the fort is typical of many built during the American Civil War. The fort was constructed as a square earthen redoubt, 45 m on a side. The walls were constructed of rammed earth 4.3 m high, surrounded by a 2.5 m deep dry moat. The fort was armed with seven barbettes for heavy cannon, and a bomb-proof powder magazine. Access to the fort was by draw bridge across the moat. An eight-sided wooden blockhouse was situated at the center of the redoubt.</p><br>
<p>General Rosecrans established his headquarters at Fort Harker in July, 1863, from where he directed a successful campaign against the position of Confederate General Braxton Bragg and the Army of Tennessee in Chattanooga, Tennessee. After the decisive defeat of the Confederate Army, Rosecrans failed to vigorously pursue his enemy. Bragg and his troops retreated in an orderly fashion southeast into Georgia, where Rosecrans and Bragg would meet again in the Battle of Chickamauga. The Union army at Chickamauga was soundly defeated and all but routed, forcing Rosecrans and his men to retreat back to Chattanooga. Besieged by Confederate troops, Rosecrans was relieved of his command by General Ulysses S. Grant, who placed General George H. Thomas in command. The Battle of Chattanooga began on November 24, 1863, and the Union victory would secure southeastern Tennessee and northeastern Alabama, including Fort Harker, for the duration of the war.</p><br>
<p>Fort Harker was abandoned at the end of the American Civil War. It fell into disrepair, and was used by local residents for agricultural purposes, including gardens and hog farming. Excavation of the site for historical preservation began in 1976. Restoration of the site for public access began in 1985. Repairs to the fort addressed damage cause by mountain bike riders and the use of the fort walls for target practice by the Stevenson Police Department.</p><br>
<p>File:Fort Harker outside entrance.JPGOutside the entrance</p><br>
<p>File:Fort Harker inside entrance.JPGInside the entrance</p><br>
<p>File:Fort Harker north.JPGNorth side</p><br>
<p>File:Fort Harker northwest.JPGNorthwest corner</p><br>
<p>The St. Anthony Park Branch Library is a branch of the Saint Paul Public Library in Saint Paul, Minnesota, United States. A Carnegie library built in 1917, it is on the National Register of Historic Places. In 1999 a rotunda was built on to the back of the building. This new section houses the branchs childrens collection, one of the largest in Saint Paul.</p><br>
<p>Although one of Saint Paul&#39;s smaller library branches at 10,590 ft&sup2, the St. Anthony Park Branch circulated 265,776 items in 2005, making it the third-busiest branch in the city. The on-site collection numbered 55,175 items that same year. The branch is open 44 hours per week, Monday to Saturday.</p><br>
<p>The library branch is considered an icon of the Saint Anthony Park neighborhood. Primary user groups are neighborhood residents, students and faculty from the nearby University of Minnesotas St. Paul Campus and Luther Seminary, and students from two nearby public schools. One-third of users come from Minneapolis and suburban Ramsey County. To serve the many U of M graduate students and their families from who are from Asia, the branch has the citys primary collection of Chinese and Korean language materials.</p><br>
<p>The St. Anthony Park Branch is unique in having its own community advocacy group, the St. Anthony Park Library Association (SAPLA), in addition to the overall Friends of the St. Paul Public Library. The annual St. Anthony Park Arts Festival began on the library&#39;s front lawn and now sprawls for more than a block. During the festival, which is the first Saturday in June, the library holds a very large used book sale.</p><br>
<p>The William Brinton 1704 House is an historic house museum which is located at 21 Oakland Road in Delaware County, Pennsylvania, roughly five miles south of West Chester, Pennsylvania. Built in 1704, it is a well-preserved example of an early Delaware Valley stone house that served as a residence of one family for more than 150 years.</p><br>
<p>It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1967, and is open for tours on weekends between May and October, or by appointment. Brinton Run Preserve is across the street.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The William Brinton 1704 House was built in 1704 by William Brinton, Jr. (also known as "William the Younger" or "William the Builder"). It was sold out of the family in 1860. In 1881, a serpentine stone wing was added to the home. In 1947, the house was purchased by Brinton descendants. During the 1950s, architect G. Edwin Brumbaugh restored the building to its original form by removing the 1881 wing and other Gothic embellishments.</p><br>
<p>The William Brinton 1704 House was one of the fourteen houses which stood in the battlefield area of the Battle of Brandywine that was fought on September 11, 1777, during the American Revolutionary War. In 1878, Thomas Eakins painted the Brinton House as it would have originally appeared.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>The Brinton House stands south of West Chester, on the east side of Oakland Road south of its junction with Brinton&#39;s Bridge Road. Its main block is a rectangular stone structure, built out of locally quarried stone laid in courses of irregular height. The walls are 22 in thick and two stories in height. The end walls each have a brick chimney on the outside. There is a steep roof and pent eaves are in place over the first-floor windows on the north and south sides of the house. The home also boasts twenty-seven reproduction windows of leaded sash with diamond lights. Most of the original flooring is still in use.</p><br>
<p>The Dilworthtown Historic District is located about half a mile north of the house in Birmingham Township, Chester County, Pennsylvania.</p><br>
<p>The Penobscot Building is the original 13-story building of the Penobscot Block complex in downtown Detroit, Michigan. It is the first Penobscot Building, and one of three buildings of the same name in the later-constructed complex. It is located at 131 West Fort Street, within the Detroit Financial District.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Penobscot Building was designed by Donaldson and Meier in the Beaux-Arts style, and incorporates brick and stone into its materials. Construction began in 1904 and was completed in 1905. Its building was financed by prominent Detroit businessmen, including lumberman Simon J. Murphy, Sr.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The lower three stories of the building are faced in limestone, the middle seven in brick, and the upper three in terra cotta. The façade is divided into five bays, each with a pair of double-hung windows. Corinthian column piers front the eleventh and twelfth stories, and the original building cornice has been removed.</p><br>
<h2>Present day</h2><br>
<p>The present day use of the office building is primarily for retail shops and services. It is a contributing property in the Detroit Financial Historic District, and on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The F. Q. Story Neighborhood Historic District is located in central Phoenix, Arizona, United States. The neighborhood runs from McDowell Road south to Roosevelt Street and from Seventh Avenue west to Grand Avenue. The neighborhood as well as many of the individual houses are listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The F.Q. Story neighborhood consists of 602 homes that were constructed from the late 1920s through the late 1940s. A variety of architectural styles, including Spanish Colonial Revival, English Tudor, Craftsman bungalows as well as transitional ranch are represented within the neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Francis Quarles Story</h2><br>
<p>In 1887, Francis Quarles Story, a Boston wool merchant whose ill health had taken him to California a decade before, purchased the area that is today the F.Q. Story Historic District. He had settled in Los Angeles County, studied the cultivation of citrus, planted orange groves, and is credited with founding the national advertising campaign that made the Sunkist Orange famous. Active in many educational and conservation endeavors, F.Q. Story was a director and president of the Los Angeles Chamber of Commerce and a tireless booster of commercial and industrial enterprises in California and Arizona. Story and other prominent southern California landowners expanded into the Salt River Valley of Arizona in the late 1880s, investing in land and promoting both agricultural and townsite development. Although he never lived in Phoenix, Story was involved in numerous projects, such as the design and construction of the 100 ft wide Grand Avenue thoroughfare in 1887 and the subsequent building of its streetcar line. In the early 1900s, Story was influential in the founding of the Grand Avenue and University Additions, but their development was disappointing. In spite of having announced in 1910 plans to subdivide the 200 acre parcel, which would become the Story neighborhood, he sold the entire parcel to the Phoenix firm of Jordan, Grace and Phelps in 1919.</p><br>
<h2>Promotion</h2><br>
<p>In 1920, when development of what is now the F.Q. Story Historic District began, Phoenix had a population of 29,000; almost six times what it had been at the turn-of-the-century. Grand Avenue had been built to link central Phoenix with the thriving agricultural communities of Glendale and Peoria. Like the nearby Roosevelt neighborhood, Story was advertised as a streetcar suburb, being close to the Grand Avenue and Kenilworth car lines. As in other developments oriented to the street car, Story was laid out with narrow, deep lots. The streetcar line at the eastern edge of the neighborhood clustered the initial houses. By the middle of the decade, as the automobile became more common, houses located further west began to incorporate detached garages and side-yard port coheres appeared. Their presence reflects the growing impact of the automobile on architecture and suburban American life by the mid-1920s.</p><br>
<p>When subdivision of the F.Q. Story Addition began, it was described in advertisements in the Arizona Republican in March 1920 as "The Real Estate Event of the Season!" and "The Place, the Thing, and the Time you have been waiting for." Advertising boasted that the developers "expect to sell this entire tract within thirty days." In spite of the hype, only one house was built in all of 1921. This was due to the fact that the area lay directly in the flood way of Cave Creek, which in 1921, inundated the entire western end of the city and put two feet of muddy water on the first floor of the state capitol just a mile to the south. There were no deaths, but property damages were severe and estimated to have exceeded the million-dollar mark.</p><br>
<h2>Residential development</h2><br>
<p>After Cave Creek Dam was completed in 1923, thirteen more homes were built, and in January 1924, the Dwight B. Heard Investment Company reopened the original Story Addition. The newly formed partnership of Lane-Smith opened North Story, and by 1926, a total of 113 homes had been built on streets from Roosevelt and McDowell between 7th and 9th Avenues. Both sections had a requirement that buildings cost a minimum of $5000. The subdivision also had gas and electrical service. Kenilworth School had opened in 1920, and in 1926, Franklin School was built on McDowell at 17th Avenue.</p><br>
<h2>Development accelerates</h2><br>
<p>The last development phase of the Story Addition began in 1927 when "New Story" opened, covering the 80 acre from 11th to I 5th Avenues, between McDowell Road and Roosevelt Street. At $3000 to $4000, building restrictions were slightly lower here and duplexes were permitted in certain sections.</p><br>
<p>In July 1927, the developers, Lane-Smith Investment Company, encouraged sales by having A.F. Wasielewski Construction Company construct a "model home" at 1106 West Lynwood, a novel idea for the period. By September, forty more homes had been built. At the same time, the remaining westerly portion of F.Q. Story&#39;s land was opened as "West Story" by developers Cowley, Higgins and Delph Company. It was also known as Franklin Addition, named for the new primary school nearby. Building restrictions were more modest still, just $2500 and $2200, which allowed working families to build in the area.</p><br>
<p>Development hit its peak in 1930 with the construction of 133 new houses, only to falter as the effects of the Great Depression hit Phoenix. Construction declined, but by 1938, approximately seventy-five percent of the F.Q. Story Addition had been developed.</p><br>
<h2>Typical Phoenix neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>People of wealth and influence, who bought large blocks of land for resale, never intending to live in the area, invested in the F.Q. Story neighborhood as a speculative venture. In its historic period, it was a typical middle-class neighborhood. In the eastern sections with the higher building restrictions, the earliest Story residents were mainly of white-collar status professional people such as physicians, lawyers, presidents and owners of small to medium-sized companies. On the west side were government personnel, sales people of all kinds, and a number of contractors who built in the area. All three partners in the realty company of Cowley, Higgins and Delph lived in "West Story," as did a number of O&#39;Malley Lumber Company employees.</p><br>
<p>The people who were first drawn to the neighborhood were considered one of its primary attractions. At one point during its development, the Price & Price Investment Company ran an advertisement listing the names and occupations of nearly all Story Addition property owners in an attempt to encourage sales. Homes were fairly small and, even at their most lavish,</p><br>
<p>relatively inexpensive in comparison with some of the other emerging Phoenix neighborhoods of this era.</p><br>
<h2>Neighborhood commercial activity</h2><br>
<p>The developers of Story Addition in the 1927-28 period also planned for commercial activities in the neighborhood. Commercial buildings were constructed in eight locations. Characteristic of commercial development of the period, these buildings were located on corner lots on McDowell, Roosevelt, and Grand Avenue, the chief thoroughfares.</p><br>
<p>The only building constructed during this time, which remains intact in the neighborhood today, is the Payn Takit Market at 7th Avenue and Roosevelt. This small grocery was the twenty-third store opened up by the Payn Takit Grocery Company. A Phoenix chain founded in 1917, they promoted the innovative concept of self-service or cash and carry." The importance of this early commercial building to the neighborhood is recognized with its individual listing on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Architectural styles</h2><br>
<p>Much of the architectural significance of the F.Q. Story Historic District relates to its representation of the increasing popularity of period styles, which was typical of early twentieth century American residential design. The Bungalow style prevailed in the eastern sections developed in the early 1920s. Period Revival houses - those that use the form and ornamentation of earlier architectural styles - prevailed by the mid-1920s. Spanish Colonial Revival and Tudor Revival homes were the most popular, but examples of other Revival styles, such as English and Norman Cottage, Mediterranean, Pueblo, Mission, and Neoclassical are common. Art Modern, Ranch Style and Prairie houses were also scattered through the area.</p><br>
<p>Spanish Colonial Revival houses take their characteristics from the Southwestern architectural tradition. Identifying features include flat or low-pitched roofs with little or no overhang, red tile roof shingles, prominent arches over doors, windows and porches, and an asymmetrical stuccoed facade.</p><br>
<p>In contrast, Tudor Revival homes draw from the medieval architecture of Europe. These dwellings feature steeply pitched gabled roofs, and are often ornamented with half timbering. They also are identifiable by their picturesque massing, multiple pane window groupings and massive brick chimneys.</p><br>
<h2>Significance</h2><br>
<p>Today, as in the past, the F.Q. Story Historic District is a thriving neighborhood characterized by diversity. Historically, it remains an important expression of the people and the building practices that established Phoenix as a progressive twentieth century city. The form of the neighborhood, the placement and arrangement of the buildings, and its distinctive landscaping all contribute to a character that reflects the economies, technology and popular tastes of a bygone era. Story is architecturally important because it displays a wide range of historic styles from the 1920s and 1930s that illustrate the changing architectural trends of the period.</p><br>
<p>The Nicholas Jarrot Mansion is a historic house at 124 East First Street in Cahokia Heights, Illinois and is operated as an inactive historic site by the Illinois Historic Preservation Agency . It is a State Historic Site, is listed on the National Register of Historic Places, and became a National Historic Landmark in 2001. Built in 1807–1810 for the son of French colonists, it is an extremely rare example of Federal architecture in the upper Mississippi River valley.</p><br>
<h2>Nicholas Jarrot</h2><br>
<p>Nicholas Jarrot (1764–1820) was a fur trader, lawyer, county judge, businessman, and developer who owned 25,000 acres (100 km²) of land at the peak of his success. He tried to lead and manage the transition of his community, originally citizens of the French colony of Louisiana, by the mid-18th century under rule by Great Britain, as it was transformed in the late 18th and early 19th centuries into what became known as the American Bottom. The east bank of the Mississippi River, including what is now southwestern Illinois, had been ceded by Great Britain to the United States following the American Revolution by the Treaty of Paris in 1783.</p><br>
<p>As a pro-American merchant with business ties to the new republic, Jarrot was recommended to the westward-bound explorer Meriwether Lewis in 1803. Lewis met Jarrot in December of that year and won the merchants permission to encamp his men on one of Jarrots properties, a riverfront tract across from the mouth of the Missouri River. This winter encampment of 1803–1804 became Camp Dubois, the shakedown site of the Lewis and Clark Expedition.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>As a reflection of his business success and ability to fit in with the incoming English-speaking frontiersmen, Jarrot decided to construct an American-style house. The Jarrot Mansion was built to resemble the houses of successful families on the USA East Coast, rather than the French Colonial style that continued to be followed by the French-speaking community leaders in places such as Sainte Genevieve, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>The Jarrot Mansion was built by masons who were not used to working with bricks, and so its windows are slightly askew and the facade of the house is asymmetrical. The house and its facade have an appealing quirkiness, and appear to be more vernacular than the owner may have wished. The house was sturdily built, however, and survived the major 1811–12 New Madrid earthquakes that had their epicenter at New Madrid, Missouri.</p><br>
<p>The mansion complex includes a spring house built of cut limestone. Spring houses like that of the Jarrot Mansion contained tubs of cool water in which foodstuffs were protected from spoilage for short periods of time.</p><br>
<h2>Preservation</h2><br>
<p>The Jarrot Mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1974. A predecessor agency to the IHPA acquired the house in 1980. The house was elevated to the rank of a National Historic Landmark in 2001., the mansion is a largely inactive historic site. The IHPA keeps it closed to the public except for periodic seasonal open-house festivals.</p><br>
<p>The Jarrot Mansion is located less than one-half mile from the Cahokia Courthouse State Historic Site, where Jarrot served as judge of St. Clair County.</p><br>
<p>The Fulton Mansion State Historic Site is located in Fulton on the Texas Gulf Coast, in the county of Aransas, in the USA state of Texas. It is one of the earliest Second Empire style buildings constructed in Texas and is one of the most important of the style in the Southwest United States still in existence. Colonel George Ware Fulton and Harriet Gillette Smith began building the 4 story structure overlooking Aransas Bay in 1874 and finished in 1877. The residence, dubbed "Oakhurst" by its owners George & Harriet, featured the most up-to-date conveniences for the time, such as indoor plumbing reaching sinks in every bedroom, gas lighting and central heating, along with three bathrooms and two built-in copper tubs.</p><br>
<p>Joe and Lillian Davidson owned the mansion from 1907 to 1943. In 1952 the May family bought the house, planted the palms still in front of the house, and turned the grounds into an RV park. Felix and Gladys Boldin bought the property in the early 1960s and continued to run the RV park, selling it in 1969 to the Copelands, who also ran the RV park until Mr. Copeland died in 1974. Mrs. Copeland sold the dilapidated house to the state in 1976.</p><br>
<p>The mansion was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1975. When the State of Texas purchased the mansion and 2.3 acre it was restored and opened to the public in 1983. On January 1, 2008, Fulton Mansion was transferred from the Texas Parks and Wildlife Department to the Texas Historical Commission and is now operated as the Fulton Mansion State Historic Site. From early 2013 through the fall of 2015 the house underwent a second, intensive restoration.</p><br>
<p>The Williams–Woodland Park Local Historic District was established in 1985 and is a national historic district located at Fort Wayne, Indiana. The district encompasses 287 contributing buildings in a predominantly residential section of Fort Wayne located approximately one mile south of downtown. The area was developed from about 1875 to 1940, and includes notable examples of Colonial Revival, Prairie School, and Queen Anne style residential architecture.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1991.</p><br>
<p>Castle Hill is a 56,881 ft&sup2; mansion in Ipswich, Massachusetts, which was completed in 1928 as a summer home for Mr. and Mrs. Richard Teller Crane, Jr. It is also the name of the 165 acre drumlin surrounded by sea and salt marsh that the home was built atop. Both are part of the 2,100 acre Crane Estate, located on Argilla Road. The estate includes the historic mansion, 21 outbuildings, and landscapes overlooking Ipswich Bay on the seacoast off Route 1, north of Boston. Its name derives from a promontory in Ipswich, Suffolk, England, from which many early Massachusetts Bay Colony settlers immigrated.</p><br>
<p>The estate is a relatively intact work from the Country Place Era of the turn of the 20th century, when wealthy families built extensive country estates. The Crane Estate includes architectural and landscape designs from at least seven firms or individuals of national reputation, including the Olmsted Brothers and Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge, and it is extensively documented. In recognition of its state of preservation and design, it was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1998. The property has been owned by The Trustees of Reservations since 1949 and is open to the public.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The property&#39;s history dates back as far as December 29, 1634, when a group of Ipswich town selectmen unanimously voted "That the Neck of Land wheareuppon the great Hill standeth, which is known by the name of the Castle Hill, lyeinge on the other side of this River towards the Sea, shall remayne unto the common use of the Towne forever."</p><br>
<p>In June 1637, John Winthrop, Jr., the town&#39;s founder and son of Governor John Winthrop, threatened to leave Ipswich, and Castle Hill was deeded to him as an enticement to stay. In 1644, he deeded Castle Hill to Samuel Symonds, Deputy Governor, who in turn deeded it to his son-in-law, Daniel Epps, in 1660. By 1745, it belonged to the Brown family.</p><br>
<p>After John Burnham Brown died, the property was purchased by Richard Teller Crane, Jr., on January 10, 1910. Crane was the son of wealthy industrialist Richard Teller Crane, who had founded the Crane Co. of Chicago in 1855.</p><br>
<p>The Crane Estate was declared a National Historic Landmark in 1998.</p><br>
<h2>Design</h2><br>
<p>Crane hired the famous Olmsted Brothers, sons of Frederick Law Olmsted (creator of New Yorks Central Park, Brooklyns Prospect Park, Boston&#39;s Emerald Necklace and others), to design the landscaping. By 1912, they had fashioned a series of ornate terraced gardens, and had begun work An opulent "casino" (Italian for "Little House") was built at its midpoint, replete with saltwater swimming pool, bathhouse, guest cabanas and a sizable indoor ballroom. Two main gardens, the "Italian Garden" and the "Rose Garden," once contained ornate plantings, landscaped walkways and Italianate fountains.</p><br>
<p>Atop Castle Hill, Crane built an Italian Renaissance-style villa, with stucco walls and red tiled roof. Designed by Shepley, Rutan and Coolidge of Boston, the edifice was set upon the highest promontory overlooking the Atlantic Ocean. Although local rumors postulate that Mrs. Crane’s displeasure with the villa led to its eventual destruction, recent evidence has proven otherwise. The villa’s stucco construction simply couldn’t handle the harsh wind, rain, and snow of New England, especially due to its exposed location on the top of the hill. It was razed in 1924 to make way for a new, stronger home.</p><br>
<p>"Upon the summit Mr. Crane has erected his splendid summer home, with a beautiful sunken garden, rose garden, lawns and terraces, commanding a marvelous view of land and sea, of Agamenticus and Boar&#39;s Head and the low-lying Isles of Shoals on the distant horizon, Bar Island and the long bar with its many lines of white breakers, sand dunes and the level beach near at hand. Mr. Crane has purchased as well, Wigwam Hill and the great tract of picturesque dunes, the old Castle Neck, with the exception of the small tract owned by the United States, on which the light house was built in 1837. He has acquired also the Sagamore Hill farm." (Thomas Franklin Waters, Ipswich in the Massachusetts Bay Colony, Vol. 2, 1917.)</p><br>
<p>The Italian Renaissance Villa was razed in 1924 due to structural issues, and a new mansion took its place four years later. Designed by architect David Adler of Chicago, the new fifty-nine-room mansion included a main facade in the 17th-century Stuart style, a library with Grinling Gibbons carvings imported from an English country manor (Cassiobury House), parquet wood flooring, and paneled interior rooms from an 18th-century townhouse at 75 Dean Street in London. Adlers sister Frances Elkins collaborated with him on the interior of the Great House. The rear aspect of the house, with its octagonal towers and inset roundels, was modeled on Ham House. Completed in 1928, this splendid mansion still stands, and the Olmsted Brothers landscaping also remains largely unchanged. A pair of immense seated griffin statues by renowned sculptor Paul Manship grace the entrance to the north terrace overlooking the sea. These were a gift from employees of Crane Co. to Richard Crane in 1928, upon completion of his new home.</p><br>
<h2>Trust</h2><br>
<p>After the death of Richard Crane in 1931 on his 58th birthday, the estate passed to his wife, Florence. In 1945, the Crane family donated much of their private beach and dunes to The Trustees of Reservations, a private, non-profit land conservation and historic preservation organization, with 112 properties throughout the Commonwealth of Massachusetts. When Florence Crane died in 1949, the rest of the property, including the mansion, was given to The Trustees, who maintain the property to this day and offer tours of the historic mansion seasonally.</p><br>
<p>The property was used as a forum for outdoor concerts in the late 1950s and early 1960s, featuring such jazz legends as Louis Armstrong, Ella Fitzgerald, and Dave Brubeck, and as part of a Castle Hill Art Center and music camp run by the New England Conservatory. Laid out just above the casino and pool, the stage faced the "Great House" so that audiences could sit on the lawn of the Grande Allée, facing the ocean. The Trustees continue to offer a number of public programs throughout the year, including outdoor picnic concerts on the Allée, and Christmas events. All part of the Crane Estate, Castle Hill&#39;s once-private beaches are now open to the public as Crane Beach.</p><br>
<p>Since 1996, The Trustees have hosted outdoor picnic concerts each week in the summer. The groups that play at the concerts tend to be from a wide variety of musical genres.</p><br>
<h2>In popular culture</h2><br>
<p>The 1987 movie The Witches of Eastwick prominently features the grounds and mansion at Castle Hill, the site filmed on location as home of the eccentric millionaire Daryl Van Horne, played by Jack Nicholson.</p><br>
<p>The 1987 movie Flowers in the Attic also features Castle Hill. It is the main location at which nearly all scenes were filmed.</p><br>
<p>The 1994 movie The Next Karate Kid also features Castle Hill as the Buddhist monastery Mr. Miyagi (Pat Morita) takes Julie Pierce (Hilary Swank) to after she is suspended from school for 2 weeks.</p><br>
<p>The 2009 movie Ghosts of Girlfriends Past was predominantly filmed inside and outside the mansion. Several fake windows, statues, and columns were added to the building, in addition to a circular driveway added to the front. These fiberglass additions have now been removed, along with the circular driveway.</p><br>
<p>In the 2014 movie The Equalizer, the Crane Estate serves as a Russian oligarch&#39;s Moscow, Russia mansion in one of the final scenes.</p><br>
<p>Phil Keoghan opened the first episode and introduced the video background segments of the contestants of The Amazing Race 17 from the grass mall.</p><br>
<p>The Crane Estate was featured in several scenes of the 2019 movie Little Women.</p><br>
<p>The Central Vermont Railway Depot is a historic former train station at Depot Square in the village of Northfield, Vermont. Built in 1852, it is believed to be the oldest surviving railroad station in the state. It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1975.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>Situated on the west end of Northfields Depot Square green, the Central Vermont Railway Depot was once part of a relatively large complex of buildings built by the Central Vermont Railroad, including the Northfield Wood Company and common railyard buildings. Today, many of these buildings still stand; some have been converted into small offices by modern companies (such as TDS Telecom), others are used as storage by a local hardware and lumber store, while many remain vacant. In the 1970s, the decline of industry in the area took its toll on the station, and it was forced to cease operation. After several years of increasing disrepair, the side wings were demolished. As of 2006, the two nearest rail stations still in operation are in Randolph to the south, and Montpelier to the north. Roxbury, a small village 10 mi south of Northfield, had a rail station as well, which closed shortly after the Central Vermont Railway Depot. The depot building is currently occupied by a Merchants Bank location.</p><br>
<p>The depot is a two-story masonry structure, built out of brick laid in common bond, which rest on a cut stone foundation. It is covered by a gabled roof with unusually deep eaves (4 ft) supported by decorative rafter ends. Windows are mainly double-hung sash, set in rectangular openings with granite sills and lintels. The window above the main entrance (facing the Depot Square oval) is a Palladian-style three-part window. The gable above the front facade is decorated with Stick style woodwork, as is that on the rear (track-facing) side. The depot was built in 1852, but underwent significant alteration in the late 1890s. At that time, side wings were removed, and the Victorian Stick style decorations were added. A canopy over the platform between the depot and the tracks was removed in the mid-20th century.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Park is a city square and neighborhood, also known as "the Coast," in Newark, Essex County, New Jersey, United States. It is bounded by the Springfield/Belmont, South Broad Valley, South Ironbound and Downtown neighborhoods. It is bounded by Martin Luther King Jr. Blvd.  to the west, West Kinney St. to the north, the McCarter Highway to the east and South St., Pennsylvania Avenue, Lincoln Park and Clinton Avenue to the south. Part of the neighborhood is a historic district listed on the New Jersey Register of Historic Places and the National Register of Historic Places. Lincoln Park as a street turns into Clinton Avenue toward the south and north edge of the park.</p><br>
<h2>History and description</h2><br>
<p>Lincoln Park itself was one of three original colonial era commons and for a long time the heart of a fashionable residential district, the others being Washington Park and Military Park. The area is now home to the City Without Walls gallery (cWOW), Newark Symphony Hall and the Newark School of the Arts.</p><br>
<p>The main body of Lincoln Park is bounded by Broad Street and contains several statues including Frederick Theodore Frelinghuysen, Planting the Standard of Democracy by Charles Henry Niehaus, and Captive&#39;s Choice, an historic statue erected in 1884 by Chauncey Ives, an American sculptor living in Rome, Italy. It depicts a young English woman who did not wish to return to her family after being held captive by American Indians during the French and Indian War.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Park also has a healthy and varied array of large, old-growth trees.</p><br>
<p>The Lincoln Park neighborhood has two community gardens. LPCCD is also planning a large community garden as part of its Façade project behind the old South Park Calvary United Presbyterian Church, an historically preserved facade.</p><br>
<h3>The Coast</h3><br>
<p>In the early 20th century, the Lincoln Park area was a neighborhood of nightclubs known as "The Coast." It was a center of jazz and a red-light district or "tenderloin" formerly called the Barbary Coast, after San Francisco&#39;s neighborhood.</p><br>
<h2>Historic district</h2><br>
<p>The Lincoln Park Historic District is a 23 acre historic district located in the neighborhood. The district was added to the National Register of Historic Places on January 5, 1984, for its significance in architecture, art, and landscape architecture. It includes 41 contributing buildings, one contributing site, and three contributing objects. The Catedral Evangelica Reformada, listed individually on the NRHP in 1972, contributes to the district.</p><br>
<h2>The Lincoln Park Music Festival</h2><br>
<p>The LPCCD sponsors the annual Lincoln Park Music Festival in July, which since beginning in 2006 has grown to be an event attracting 50,000 spectators. The LPCCD would like to develop the Museum of American Music (MoAAM) in recognition of the district&#39;s past as a breeding ground for music.</p><br>
<h2>Revitalization and arts district</h2><br>
<p>The district is slowly being revitalized by The Lincoln Park/Coast Cultural District (LPCCD), which states its mission to "develop a sustainable arts community built on affordable housing, green jobs, music, culture and urban farming.”</p><br>
<p>Newark in the past has been a large producer of music and continues to produce well-known contemporary artists. The Coast is being redeveloped to pay homage and recreate on a small scale an area with deep roots in American music. An "Arts Park" is also in the planning stages in addition to new housing, stores, a restaurant, nightclub, music studio and dance studio.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Park has been designated an "Arts District" of Newark. While not a comparable artist colony in relation to cities of similar or larger size, Lincoln Park is home to the City Without Walls art gallery; the Newark School of the Arts, a heavily endowed performance and fine arts institution; and Newark Symphony Hall (1020 Broad Street), a venue for music and performing arts events and concerts. Several independent artists focusing on many types of media live in new or rehabilitated housing investments that have been built since 2008 and continue to target spaces to artists. Because there is no organized membership or organization for artists, it is unknown how many artists live in the area. Several million dollars of capital investment has been made over the past 10 years in Lincoln Park, including some of the first LEED and eco-friendly certified buildings in the city.</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Park is surrounded on three sides by more than a few small to large in-patient substance abuse rehabilitation facilities for adults and teenagers, mostly suburbanites who are court-sentenced into treatment and rehabilitation. The two main substance abuse treatment centers are CURA, Inc. and Integrity House, both of which operate several mens and womens dormitories as well as out-patient services along the park. Most of these facilities use re-purposed blighted brownstone buildings, former hotels, etc. that were abandoned and in disrepair until they were purchased and rehabilitated into substance abuse treatment facilities. In March 2014, Integrity House opened another 38-bed men&#39;s dormitory for in-patient treatment at 49-51 Lincoln Park. This left only a handful of abandoned or blighted structures surrounding Lincoln Park. The Lincoln Park community falls within the East district (or "3rd precinct").</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Park benefits from its proximity to mixed-use and non-mixed-use properties that include institutional, residential, horticultural, commercial, and educational facilities. Other notable buildings situated along Lincoln Park include:</p><br>
<p>Colleoni Apartments, also known as Lincoln Park Lofts, (39-41 Lincoln Park) a once blighted seven-story hotel, and later a tenement transformed into moderate-income housing that opened in 2008 after a multimillion-dollar top-to-bottom rehabilitation by Regan Development Corporation of Ardsley, New York, and now managed by The Michaels Organization of Marlton, New Jersey</p><br>
<p>Lincoln Park Towers (31-33 Lincoln Park), an 18-story low- and moderate-income senior living community in an historic highrise that was once The Medical Arts Building, a medical and surgical facility</p><br>
<p>Newark School of the Arts (89-91 Lincoln Park)</p><br>
<p>the Adelaide Sanford Charter School (51-53 Lincoln Park)</p><br>
<p>the Dryden Mansion, a center for non-profit organizations; and</p><br>
<p>The Newark Educators&#39; Community Charter School (17-19 Crawford Street), a charter school converted from a 150-year-old horse stable serving approximately 200 students in kindergarten through third grade. Almost all addresses surrounding Lincoln Park are dashed addresses.</p><br>
<p>Since 2013, Cory Booker has lived in a townhouse he owns on Longworth Street in the Lincoln Park area.</p><br>
<p>Augusta Stone Church is a Presbyterian  place of worship located in Augusta County in the Commonwealth of Virginia, USA in the unincorporated community of Fort Defiance. The church was one of two meeting houses established by The Congregation of the Triple Forks of the Shenandoah in the year 1740. Augusta Stone and the sister meeting house Tinkling Spring were both served by the Rev. John Craig.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was founded in 1740 by the Rev. John Craig, and a log meeting house was constructed 1/4-mile from the present stone church. The stone church was intended to serve as both a meeting house and a fort against Native American raids; construction began in 1747 and was completed two years later. An old tale says there is a "secret passageway" in the ministers office that was meant for a time of war. However, no member of the church has seen the alleged secret passageway, and there are no references to it in church records. In the early 1800s, the small community near the church became known as Fort Defiance. The stone church has been in continuous use since 1749, making it the oldest Presbyterian house of worship in continuous use in Virginia. Two major additions were added to the rear of the church. The transepts in the sanctuary and a wing of rooms and offices were added in 1921-22, and a large social hall (called "John Craig Hall") and kitchen which were completed in 1956. The church has a museum on the property, in the old Session House (to the right of the main building in the photo), containing artifacts from the churchs early history.</p><br>
<p>The two cemeteries at the church contain the graves of Revolutionary and Civil War veterans. The museum houses the baptismal records of the Rev. John Craig from 1740 to 1749.</p><br>
<h2>Location</h2><br>
<p>Augusta Stone Church is located on USA Route 11 (also known as the Lee Highway) adjacent to Fort Defiance High, Clymore Elementary, and Stuart Gordon Middle schools in the Shenandoah Valley, eight miles north of Staunton and 15 miles south of Harrisonburg in the small, unincorporated community of Fort Defiance, Virginia.</p><br>
<p>The Hawley–Green Historical District is in the Near Northeast neighborhood of Syracuse, New York, United States. The name comes from the district&#39;s two principal streets, Hawley Avenue and Green Street. As Hawley–Green Street Historic District, the district was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Tucked away in a triangle that some refer to as the "LBJ" triangle, since its borders consist of Lodi Street, Burnet Avenue, and James Street, the major artery of Syracuse&#39;s northeastern neighborhoods, Hawley–Green was at first home to carpenters, wagon makers, silversmiths, painters, and musicians. Its original housing stock consisted of splendid Greek Revival, Gothic Revival, and Italianate-style structures, some of which still line its charming streets. By the late nineteenth century the neighborhood had attracted more upperclass types who replaced many of the original structures with Second Empire, Queen Anne, and the Stick Style homes. The arrival of the streetcar helped fuel this upscale transition. These newer residents were doctors, lawyers, dentists, politicians, and clergy.</p><br>
<h2>An LGBT-friendly neighborhood</h2><br>
<p>About forty of the residents of the neighborhood are members of the Hawley–Green LGBT (Lesbian, Gay, Bisexual, or Transgender) Neighbors. This neighborhood group promotes the neighborhood as LGBT-friendly.</p><br>
<p>The Okeechobee Battlefield is a USA National Historic Landmark . It is located four miles  southeast of Okeechobee, on US 441/98, near Taylor Creek. The Battle of Lake Okeechobee, one of the major conflicts of the Second Seminole War, was fought at the site. Part of the battlefield is preserved as Okeechobee Battlefield State Historic Park.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Okeechobee Battlefield covers an estimated 440 acre of land on the east side of Taylor Creek. Much of the land is now agricultural, but portions of the battlefield have been developed, and it has been impacted by road construction. The agricultural appearance of the open portions of the battlefield also differ from the time of the battle, when much of the area was overgrown with sawgrass as much as 6 ft in height. The principal feature of the battlefield is a low hummock, which provided the Seminoles with defensive cover in the engagement. North of this hummock, across what was originally open sawgrass, is a wooded area where Colonel Zachary Taylor made camp prior to the battle.</p><br>
<p>When the battlefield was listed as a National Historic Landmark in 1961, an area of 640 acre that was believed to include the "general area" of the battlefield was landmarked. In the 1980s, the National Park Service commissioned more detailed studies, and performed some archaeological work in the area, to more precisely identify the battlefield area. As a result, the landmarked area was decreased to above 440 acre, most of which overlapped parts of the original designation. A marker was placed near the site in 1939, and a portion of the battlefield was purchased by the state of Florida in 2006.</p><br>
<p>A volunteer group sponsors annual reenactments of the Battle of Lake Okeechobee as a fundraising activity for the park.</p><br>
<p>McCormick Distilling Company is a distillery and alcoholic beverage importing company in Weston, Missouri. Established by Ben Holladay in 1856, the distillery has been registered in the National Register of Historic Places and is the oldest distillery west of the Mississippi River that is still operating at its original location.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The area for the distillery was chosen for the natural limestone springs that ran underground. After establishing the Holladay Distillery in 1856, Benjamin J. Holladay went on to great fame and fortune as the "Stagecoach King", running the stagecoach lines from Missouri to the West Coast that later became the Wells Fargo Express, and ultimately acquiring the Pony Express as well. He was a serial entrepreneur who owned saloons, hotels, and silver mines, and by 1864, he was the largest individual employer in the United States. In 1860, Holladay turned the distillery over to his brother, Major David Holladay, who then ran the distillery until his death in 1894. His son-in-law, Thomas Barton, operated the distillery until it was sold to George Shawhan and became the Shawhan Distillery in 1900. During the period of Prohibition in the United States, the company remained open by bottling its previously distilled whisky for medicinal purposes. The distillery was sold to Isadore Singer in 1936, and was renamed as the Old Weston Distillery. Singer then purchased the McCormick brand name from a neighboring plant at Waldron, Missouri, and renamed the distillery McCormick Distilling Company in 1942. In 1950, the company was purchased by Cloud Cray of Midwest Grain Products.</p><br>
<p>Business partners Ed Pechar and Mike Griesser purchased the company in 1992. Under Pechar and Griesser&#39;s ownership and management, McCormick Distilling expanded from 35 employees in 1992 to 186 employees in 2006. Griesser died in November, 2004. As of 2020, McCormick Distilling remains a privately held corporation owned by company chairman Ed Pechar, the estate of Mike Griesser, and a small group of employee partners who comprise the board of directors.</p><br>
<h2>Products</h2><br>
<p>McCormick Vodka: According to the company, McCormick Vodka is the #2 selling American vodka in the world. McCormick Vodka is also available in a variety of flavors including Apple, Watermelon, Raspberry, Grape, Sweet Tea, Blueberry, Cherry, Citrus, Orange and Peach.</p><br>
<p>McCormick Gin</p><br>
<p>McCormick Old Style Whiskey</p><br>
<p>McCormick American Blended Whiskey</p><br>
<p>McCormick Caribbean Rum</p><br>
<p>McCormick Scotch</p><br>
<p>Platte Valley Corn Whiskey</p><br>
<p>Triple Crown Whiskey</p><br>
<p>Holladay White Dog</p><br>
<p>Ke-Ke Key Lime Cream Liqueur</p><br>
<p>360 Vodka - the world&#39;s first "eco-friendly" vodka that offers a classic 80 proof and a variety of flavored expressions including 360 Lime, 360 Huckleberry, 360 Watermelon, 360 Mango, 360 Red Raspberry, 360 Pineapple, 360 Red Delicious Apple, 360 Madagascar Vanilla, 360 Grape, 360 Mandarin Orange, 360 Sorrento Lemon, 360 Bing Cherry, 360 Georgia Peach, 360 Double Chocolate, and 360 KC Barbeque.</p><br>
<p>Broker&#39;s Gin</p><br>
<p>Five Farms Irish Cream</p><br>
<p>McCormick Irish Cream</p><br>
<p>Hussong&#39;s Tequila - Four different tequila products including: Reposado, Platinum, Silver, and Anejo</p><br>
<p>Tarantula Azul</p><br>
<p>Tequila Rose Strawberry Flavored Cream Liqueur</p><br>
<p>Montego Bay Rum</p><br>
<h2>Awards</h2><br>
<p>360 Vodka has received awards for taste and innovation including the 2009 gold medal and 2008 bronze medal for best vodka at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition; a gold medal from the Beverage Testing institute (2010), gold medal from the Los Angeles Wine and Spirits competition (2009) and a platinum medal from the SIP awards (2010) for 360 Double Chocolate.</p><br>
<p>McCormick&#39;s Irish Cream won the 2003 gold medal at the San Francisco World Spirits Competition and was voted the #1 Irish cream beverage by the Beverage Testing Institute.</p><br>
<p>Hussong&#39;s won the 2006 Gold medal at the San Francisco World Spirits Championship.</p><br>
<h2>Green initiatives</h2><br>
<p>In November 2007, the McCormick Distillery implemented a number of business practices that are asserted to be sustainable and environmentally friendly. An internal committee called the "Green Group" was established to improve environmental performance, increase operating efficiencies and energy savings, and heighten employee awareness and conservation. In the first year of the new green initiatives, 167 tons of material was recycled, with a participation rate of 88% among employees. To solidify the company&#39;s environmental commitment, McCormick Distilling partnered with the Environmental Protection Agency and Renewable Choice Energy.</p><br>
<p>Some of the environmental initiatives implemented at the distillery include:</p><br>
<p>On-site air pumps for car tires so that employees can maintain their vehicles&#39; optimum fuel efficiency</p><br>
<p>On-site recycling</p><br>
<p>Preferred parking spaces reserved for employees who drive hybrid and/or electric vehicles to work</p><br>
<h3>360 Vodka</h3><br>
<p>As part of the companys green initiative, 360 Vodka was marketed as "the Planets first eco-friendly vodka". 360 Vodka is bottled using 85% recycled glass, 100% recycled paper and water-based UV inks. The grains used are grown less than 95 miles from the distillery to minimize the fossil-fuel consumption associated with transporting the grain. Consumers are allowed to return the bottle&#39;s swing-top closure to the company to be recycled, and for every top recycled, McCormick Distilling donates $1.00 to Global Green USA.</p><br>
<h3>Forest 360</h3><br>
<p>"Forest 360" is a campaign to reduce carbon dioxide emissions and greenhouse gasses that lead to global warming. With the assistance of the Missouri Department of Conservation, McCormick Distilling planted more than 200 indigenous trees on 40 acres of land surrounding the distillery and has invited business partners to do the same. Official participants of "Forest 360" include the Republic National Distributing Company, MGP ingredients, Hovey Williams I.P Law, J.B Thome and Co. Inc., Young&#39;s Market Company, Binder-Edelstein Company, Southern Wine and Spirits of Colorado, Fast Ireland Spirits.</p><br>
<h2>Marketing</h2><br>
<p>The company created and posted a series of cocktail how-to videos, distributed through social media networks like Facebook and YouTube.</p><br>
<p>In 2011, the 360 Vodka Virtual bartender application was launched to promote the concept of creating green cocktails.</p><br>
<h2>Collectible decanters</h2><br>
<p>McCormick Distilling has produced a series of decanters which are sought after by collectors. Produced between 1968 and 1987, at least 175 decanters were released in collections, the most popular of which were forty different decanters featuring Elvis Presley at every phase in his career.</p><br>
<h3>Decanter series</h3><br>
<p>Automotive and Transportation</p><br>
<p>Bicentennial series</p><br>
<p>Birds</p><br>
<p>Bulls</p><br>
<p>Confederate series</p><br>
<p>Elvis series</p><br>
<p>Entertainer series</p><br>
<p>Frontiersman series</p><br>
<p>Great Americans series</p><br>
<p>Gunfighter series</p><br>
<p>Jugs</p><br>
<p>Lamp series</p><br>
<p>Pirate series</p><br>
<p>Shrine series</p><br>
<p>Sports and sports mascots</p><br>
<p>Warrior series</p><br>
<p>King Arthur series</p><br>
<p>Miscellaneous.Evergreen Club. "McCormick Decanters Series" www.jimbeamclub.com.</p><br>
<p>May, 2002.</p><br>
<h2>1996 Export investigation</h2><br>
<p>From 1996 to 1999, the company sold nearly five million gallons of disguised grain alcohol to a freight forwarder operated by a Russian immigrant for eventual smuggling into Russia. The shipper was suspected of having ties to some of the most powerful mob clans in Russia.</p><br>
<p>The Tate House is a historic house museum at 1270 Westbrook Street, near the Fore River in the Stroudwater neighborhood of Portland, Maine, United States. The house, one of the oldest in Portland, was built in 1755 for George Tate, a former Royal Navy captain who was sent by a contractor to the Navy to oversee the felling and shipment of trees for use as masts. Because of the houses comparatively remote location relative to downtown Portland, it  survived Portlands numerous fires intact. The house was designated a National Historic Landmark as a rare surviving example of a once-common colonial housing form, the clerestory gambrel roof. Since 1935, it has been a museum operated by the National Society of the Colonial Dames.</p><br>
<h2>Description and history</h2><br>
<p>The Tate House is set on a rise above the north bank of the Stroudwater River, shortly before it empties into the Fore River on the west side of Portland. It is a -story wood-frame structure, five bays wide, with a large central chimney. Its unusual roof line has a basic two-stage gambrel form, except the steeper-pitched lower section is separated from the upper section by a bank of clerestory windows. This form, once common in northern New England, is only known to survive in one other building in Maine, the Burnham Tavern. The house is clad in unfinished clapboards. The interior has a typical center-chimney plan, with a narrow vestibule and winding stair at the front. The first floor is otherwise divided into three rooms: living room/parlor to the right, dining room to the left, and a large kitchen extending across the back. The second floor has three bedrooms, and the third has two more. The public rooms of the house feature high-quality Georgian carved paneling, which is believed to have been brought over from England.</p><br>
<p>In 2014, an archaeological dig at the Tate House found significant wares from the 1750s to 1780s. Pieces of 1750s salt-glazed stoneware, 1760s creamware and 1780s pearlware were discovered. Also found was a white piece of porcelain with tiny brass fears. The dig occurred prior to work beginning on repairing the drainage system. The drainage problem, which funnels water into the basement, creates a significant amount of moisture and poses a threat to the rest of the house. The drainage repair issue will cost $10,000 to $12,000.</p><br>
<p>The Henry B. Plant Museum  is located in the south wing of Plant Hall on the University of Tampas campus. It is located at 401 West Kennedy Boulevard in Tampa, Florida. Plant Hall was originally built by Henry B. Plant as the Tampa Bay Hotel; a 511-room resort-style hotel that opened on February 5, 1891, near the terminus of the Plant System rail line, also forged and owned by Plant. The Plant Museums exhibits focus on historical Gilded Age tourism in the Tampa Bay area of Florida, the elite lifestyle of the hotels guests, and the Tampa Bay Hotels use during the Spanish–American War. As such, the Plant Museum is set up in the Historic House Museum style. Exhibits display artifacts in a manner that reflects the original placement and usage within the related historic building.</p><br>
<p>The Tampa Bay Hotel was designed by architect J.A. Wood, who also designed the Old Hillsborough County Courthouse in 1892 in Tampa, Florida, as well as the Oglethorpe Hotel and the Mahoney-McGarvey House in Brunswick, Georgia.</p><br>
<h2>Accreditation, awards, and registrations</h2><br>
<p>The Plant Museum is listed as an Accredited Museum and a Core Documents Verified Museum by the American Alliance of Museums.</p><br>
<p>On April 18, 2012, the American Institute of Architects Florida Chapter placed the University of Tampas Plant Hall on its list of Florida Architecture: 100 Years. 100 Places.</p><br>
<p>The Henry B. Plant Museum through the University of Tampa&#39;s Plant Hall was placed on the National Register of Historic Places as a USA National Historic Landmark, designated as such on December 5, 1972, under the name of the Tampa Bay Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Tampa Bay Hotel</h3><br>
<p>The Tampa Bay Hotel was built by railroad magnate Henry B. Plant between 1888 and 1891. The construction cost was over $3 million. The Tampa Bay Hotel was considered the premier hotel of the eight that Plant built to anchor his rail line. The hotel covers 6 acre and is a quarter-mile long. The Tampa Bay Hotel was equipped with the first elevator ever installed in Florida, and the elevator is still functional today, making it one of the oldest continually operational elevators in the nation. The 511 rooms and suites were the first in Florida to have electric lighting and telephones. Most rooms also included private bathrooms, complete with a full-size tub. Room Pricing ranged from $5.00 to $15.00 a night at a time when the average hotel in Tampa charged $1.25 to $2.00. The poured-concrete, steel-reinforced structure of the building was advertised as fireproof.</p><br>
<p>The grounds of the hotel spanned 150 acre and included a golf course, bowling alley, racetrack, casino and an indoor heated swimming pool. In all, 21 buildings could be found on the hotel&#39;s grounds. The Moorish Revival architectural theme was selected by Plant for its exotic European appeal to the widely traveled Victorians who would be his primary customers. The hotel has six minarets, four cupolas, and three domes spanning five stories all trimmed in ornate Victorian Gingerbread. In the early 1990s, all were restored to their original stainless steel state.</p><br>
<p>From 1889 to 1891, Plant scoured Europe collecting lavish objects to decorate the hotel in grandeur. Art arrived "by the trainload". Despite the immense size of the hotel, the purchases Plant made overflowed the space and the surplus had to be disposed of at auction. Much of the original art and furnishings have been removed, but the wing in Plant Hall conserved as the Henry B. Plant Museum contains "a bewildering assortment of rococo bronzes, furniture, clocks, tapestries, paintings, and vases, one vase being a gift from the Emperor of Japan."</p><br>
<p>During the Tampa Bay Hotels operating period from 1891 to 1930, it housed thousands of guests, including hundreds of celebrities and political figures. Upon the outbreak of the Spanish–American War, Plant convinced the United States military to use his hotel as a base of operations. Generals and high-ranking officers stayed in the hotel to plan invasion strategies, while enlisted men encamped on the hotels acreage. Colonel Theodore (Teddy) Roosevelt and his Rough Riders were also stationed at the hotel during this time. Roosevelt retained a suite and during the day led his men in battle exercises on the grounds. Other notable visitors of the Tampa Bay Hotel included Sarah Bernhardt, Clara Barton, Stephen Crane, the Queen of the United Kingdom, the Prince of Wales, Winston Churchill, and Ignacy Paderewski. Babe Ruth was also a guest of the hotel during its latter days and signed his first baseball contract in the Grand Dining Room. In 1919, Ruth hit his longest home run during a spring training game at Plant Field, adjacent to the hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Closing and renewal</h2><br>
<p>The Tampa Bay Hotel officially closed its doors in 1930, due to the Great Depression severely curtailing tourism. The hotel remained empty and unused for three years. On August 2, 1933, the Tampa Bay Junior College was granted permission to move into the hotel, using the rooms that were once suites as classrooms, laboratories, and administration offices, and due to the large amount of space afforded by the hotel, the scope of the junior college expanded, causing it to become the University of Tampa. The Tampa Municipal Museum was established by the city to preserve the hotel in its original form and co-exist with the newly established University. In 1941, the city of Tampa signed a 99-year lease with the University of Tampa for $1.00 a year. The lease excluded the southeast wing of the building to allow for the housing of the museum. In 1974, the Tampa Municipal Museum was renamed the Henry B. Plant Museum.</p><br>
<h2>Recent</h2><br>
<p>Today, in addition to serving as offices, laboratories, and classrooms for the University of Tampa, the south wing of Plant Hall is dedicated to preserving the opulence of the historic Tampa Bay Hotel. Various rooms in the wing display authentic artifacts from the old hotel, many of which were purchased by Mr. and Mrs. Plant themselves on various European shopping trips. These displays use the Historic House Museum method and depict suites, dining, war life, Victorian activities, and more with exhibits displaying artifacts laid out awaiting their Victorian users return. The Plant Museum offers the option to book guided tours with a docent, as well as self-guided audio tours and a video entitled The Tampa Bay Hotel: Floridas First Magic Kingdom, all to showcase a life of leisure in historic Florida.</p><br>
<h3>Events at the museum</h3><br>
<p>Music in the Museum is a live, classical music performance of violin, harp, or guitar that takes place on the third Thursday of every month at 11 am to memorialize the live music that was so much a part of the Tampa Bay Hotel.</p><br>
<p>Fourth Friday The Henry B. Plant Museum participates in Tampa&#39;s Fourth Friday celebration promoting cultural venues by offering free entertainment on the Veranda from 5 pm-7 pm, January through October.</p><br>
<p>Sunday Tour Guided tours are offered by docents followed by the Upstairs/Downstairs theater performance - September - May (excluding December).</p><br>
<p>Upstairs/Downstairs at the Tampa Bay Hotel Occurs every Sunday at 2 pm, September through May. Single-character performances transport visitors back in time by discussing their experiences in the hotel. Characters are based either wholly or in part on actual guests or staff of the hotel.</p><br>
<p>Picnic in the Park is a program where adults and families can relax in the garden or try their hand at Victorian games, such as horseshoes, badminton, and croquet. Character actors are present in traditional Victorian attire and there is live entertainment on the Center Stage.</p><br>
<p>Victorian Christmas Stroll Visitors can witness Victorian Christmas via a walk through the museum and gardens.</p><br>
<p>The Great Gatsby Party is hosted annually in the Fletcher Lounge as a 1920&#39;s speakeasy featuring live period music, an open bar, food, games of chance, and vintage 1929 Bentley photo-ops.</p><br>
<p>An Eerie Evening at the Tampa Bay Hotel is held in October. Visitors tour the museum by moonlight and hear spooky stories from a bygone era.</p><br>
<p>The Plant Museum occasionally holds antique evaluations, similar to those done on Antiques Roadshow.</p><br>
<h3>Special exhibitions</h3><br>
<p>The museum also hosts special exhibitions outside of its permanent collection. One such exhibit was The Sportin&#39; Life from March 21, 2020 - February 21, 2021. Popular sporting paraphernalia from the Gilded Age was displayed, including Babe Ruth signed baseballs, assorted swimming suits, golf equipment, and racing equipment. Other notable exhibits included Imperial Designs: From the Habsburg’s Herend to the Romanov’s Fabergé and Red Cross Nursing and the War of 1898. In 2015, the Plant Museum hosted Passionate Design: The American Arts & Crafts Movement, a special exhibition of material from the collection of the Museum of the American Arts and Crafts Movement, now complete as of 2020 in St. Petersburg, Florida.</p><br>
<h2>Plant Park and hotel grounds</h2><br>
<p>The hotel once featured many attractions, most located in what is now known as Plant Park. Today, as part of both the University of Tampas campus and the museums grounds, several of these attractions can still be seen. At the entrance to the park is the "Henry Bradley Plant Memorial Fountain," commissioned by Margaret Plant in 1899 after her husbands death. The fountains title is Transportation, and reflects Mr. Plants system of trains and ships with carved representations of each on the sculpture. The eagle holding the strongbox is the logo of The Southern Express Company, Plants first company. The fountain was carved from solid stone by George Grey Barnard and is the oldest public art in the city of Tampa. Conservation of this fountain was completed in 1995.</p><br>
<p>Facing the Hillsborough River near the University of Tampa&#39;s library are two historic cannons from Fort Brooke, the early 19th-century military post (established 1824) around which Tampa was developed. These are model 1819 iron 24-pounder seacoast guns and were originally part of a three-gun Confederate battery guarding Tampa Bay during the Civil War. On May 6, 1864, a Union naval raiding party captured Fort Brooke and, before withdrawing the next day, disabled the three heavy cannons by blowing one trunnion off of each (trunnions are the side projections on which cannons pivot to elevate or depress). This damage is still evident on the two Plant Park guns today.</p><br>
<p>In the 1890s, Henry Plant moved two of the long-abandoned cannons from the site of Fort Brooke to the grounds of Tampa Bay Hotel, placing them in a small earthwork revetment as a curiosity for the hotels guests. Later the guns were placed on plinths made of coquina blocks. Recently, Tampas Rough Riders civic group remounted the Fort Brooke cannons on replica gun carriages in a new stone revetment in Plant Park. For many years the lost third Fort Brooke cannon was a lawn decoration at 901 Bayshore Boulevard but was donated to a World War II scrap metal drive on October 9, 1942.</p><br>
<p>Facing Kennedy Boulevard in Plant Park is another historic weapon, a turn-of-the-century coast defense gun. This gun memorializes the important part Tampa played in the 1898 Spanish–American War and symbolically points south toward Cuba. The inscription on the monument base describes it as an eight-inch (203 mm) gun on a "disappearing carriage" taken from Fort Dade, an old coastal defense fort located on Egmont Key at the mouth of Tampa Bay. The true story is a bit more complicated.</p><br>
<p>The original Fort Dade gun described on the base was placed in Plant Park in November 1927 but was donated to a steel scrap drive during World War II. Following the war, an eight-inch (203 mm) gun of similar vintage (both were M1888 weapons) was obtained from Fort Morgan, Alabama and installed on the 1927 memorial&#39;s vacant plinth. The new gun is mounted on the top portion of a 1918 railway gun carriage dating from World War I rather than the "disappearing carriage" of the original Fort Dade weapon.</p><br>
<p>Plant Park once housed a small zoo located along Biology Creek, a stream that runs through part of the park. The creek is fed from an underground spring beneath the hotel and empties a few hundred yards away into the Hillsborough River. While in operation, the zoo contained a bear, an alligator, plus many smaller animals. The zoo was famous for its hundreds of squirrels and small lizards, which are still on campus. The bear and alligator were eventually moved upriver and became the core attractions for what became Lowry Park Zoo. The creek&#39;s name derives from a later period in its history when students from the university used its water to conduct various biology experiments.</p><br>
<p>A statue called Au Coup de Fusil, meaning The Shot (as in gunshot or rifle shot), can be found outside the hotel. These two bronze hounds represent two-pointers being alerted by the sound of a gunshot. The statues were sculpted by famed canine sculptor Eglantine Lemaître (French, 1852–1920) and were cast in France by Maurice Denonvilliers in 1890. Originally, they faced south rather than north and their rapt attention was focused on a small bronze squirrel placed on a low-hanging oak limb. However, this was a misinterpretation of the piece, as evidenced by the hounds attention being diverted in different directions. The squirrel was eventually stolen, and the dogs were moved to their current location. Supposedly, the two dogs represent Mr. Plants personal favorite hunting dogs and the hotel itself had kennels stocked with hunting dogs for guests to use on hunting expeditions.</p><br>
<p>The Friends of Plant Park (FoPP) is a Florida non-profit corporation with the mission to (a) assist with the restoration, preservation and maintenance of The Henry B. Plant Park, as a botanical garden open to the general public, (b) research and publicize the Victorian history of The Henry B. Plant Park, and (c) educate the public and cultivate community interest in and support for the foregoing activities. This group was formed in 1993.</p><br>
<p>Since 1997 the FoPP has hosted the annual GreenFest activities in Henry B. Plant Park to raise money. To date those funds, along with contributions from individuals, organizations, the City of Tampa, and Hillsborough County, have allowed for the restoration of and new exhibit of the cannons, the Victorian star-shaped garden bed, and a replica of the 112-foot flagpole with a 12X18-foot replica of the 45-star American flag (1891). The original flagpole was probably a ships mast. A Florida state flag and a University of Tampa flag fly from the replicas crossbars.</p><br>
<p>Little Cedar Grove Baptist Church was organized in 1797 by some of the early Primitive Baptist settlers of Franklin County, Indiana. The historic church building, constructed in 1812, is the oldest church in the state of Indiana still standing on its original foundation.</p><br>
<p>It was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Organization</h2><br>
<p>The church was organized by Primitive Baptists, who came from Virginia via Kentucky in 1797. with Elder William Tyner and his family. They organized the Little Cedar Grove Baptist Church, the first church in the Whitewater River Valley. The members built a log church as early as 1805, about two or three miles southeast of Brookville, Indiana. In 1812 they built a large brick church, with balcony, and rifle ports. It is the oldest church building standing on its original site in Indiana. It is open as a historic site. Little Cedar also has a small cemetery where some of the early settlers were buried.</p><br>
<p>The Big Cedar Baptist Church and Burying Ground on Big Cedar Creek Road, between the road to Reily and the Oxford Pike was an arm or branch of the Little Cedar Grove Baptist Church.</p><br>
<h2>Construction</h2><br>
<p>The church group had organized several years before building a permanent building. In December 1811 the New Madrid earthquake occurred the church members took it as a sign of judgment for their failure to build a proper church. Rev. Allen Wiley, a circuit rider of the church, said "The people ran to and fro, called for prayer meetings, exhorted each other to do good deeds and repent of sins as if Judgment Day was at hand. Then they met in solemn conclave and made a covenant with the almighty that if he would send no more earthquakes, they would build Him a church". The congregation then quickly proceeded to build a large brick church. The new church building was finished on August 1 of 1812.</p><br>
<p>The Hammond–Harwood House is a historic house museum at 19 Maryland Avenue in Annapolis, Maryland, USA. Built in 1774, is one of the premier colonial houses remaining in America from the British colonial period . It is the only existing work of colonial academic architecture that was principally designed from a plate in Andrea Palladios I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura  . The house was designed by the architect William Buckland in 1773–1774 for wealthy farmer Matthias Hammond of Anne Arundel County, Maryland. It was modeled on the design of the Villa Pisani in Montagnana, Italy, as depicted in Book II, Chapter XIV of Palladio&#39;s work. It was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1960, and is now managed by a non-profit organization as a museum.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Construction on the house began about April 1774, and most of the house was probably completed before the death of the architect in November or December of the same year. Owner Matthias Hammond probably never occupied his elegant house because he abruptly left Annapolis for his family&#39;s country estate in 1776. He died in 1786 after renting out the house for many years.</p><br>
<p>The house passed to his nephews John, and then to Philip Hammond, who eventually sold the house to Ninian Pinkney in 1810. Pinkney, however, quickly sold the house to Judge Jeremiah Chase in 1811. Judge Chase bought the house as a home for the family of his daughter, Frances Townley Chase Loockerman. Chase was well acquainted with the house because he had rented the northeast wing, beginning in the late 1770s.</p><br>
<p>Judge Chases descendants lived in the house until the death of his great-granddaughter Hester Ann Harwood in 1924. Her mother, Judge Chases granddaughter, married William Harwood, the great-grandson of William Buckland, the architect of the house.</p><br>
<p>Hester Ann Harwood died intestate, and the house was sold in 1926 to St. Johns College. The College used the house as a teaching tool for one of Americas first courses taught on the decorative arts until financial necessity forced the college to sell to the Hammond–Harwood House Association in 1940. This non-profit corporation continues to own the house and operates it as a public museum.</p><br>
<h2>Architecture</h2><br>
<p>The house ranks architecturally with many of the great mansions built in the late Colonial period; however, it is the only house directly inspired from a plate in Palladios, I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura.</p><br>
<p>Architect William Buckland adapted Palladios Villa Pisani design to satisfy the tastes of colonial Annapolis. He re-designed the plan to accommodate the tastes for asymmetrical regional preferences and modified the hyphens from Palladios arched entries to more practical single storey connecting links. He also incorporated fashionable urban design by sinking the windows in the method mandated by the London Building Act of 1774. This device provided better protection from fire and gave the overall design a greater degree of visual solidity and three dimensionality (see image at right). This adaptation from Palladios model marks his maturity as an architect and ranks him as one of Americas first and finest architects.</p><br>
<p>The initial design of Thomas Jeffersons Monticello was taken from the Villa Cornaro in Piombino Dese, Italy, in Book II, Chapter XV of I Quattro Libri dellArchitettura, but this façade was later covered up by Jefferson&#39;s own expansions to his house. Thomas Jefferson made two drawings of the Hammond–Harwood House when he served the government in Annapolis in 1783–1784. One could assume that Jefferson recognized the house as derived from Palladio because his knowledge of The Four Books of Architecture was extensive. He referred to the book as his architectural "bible" and the plate of the Villa Cornaro follows the Villa Pisani plate; and directly opposite the Villa Cornaro in some 18th-century English transcriptions of the work.</p><br>
<h3>Description</h3><br>
<p>The Hammond–Harwood House is a five-part brick house with a five-bay two-story central block, two-story end wings and one-story connecting hyphens on either side. The central block has a shallow hipped roof. The wings project toward the street with three-sided hipped-roof bays. The hyphens are rendered as a blind arcade, with the central bay a door opening with a pediment above. There is little decoration, with plain rubbed brick flat arches over the windows. Ornament is confined to the central bay, whose door is framed by engaged Ionic columns and topped by a fanlight. Above the door the second floor window is framed with a surround and entablature.</p><br>
<p>The interior presents the appearance of symmetry where it is in fact not symmetrical, using false doors where necessary to maintain the illusion. The main rooms are the first-floor dining room and the second-floor ballroom immediately above, at the rear of the house overlooking the garden. The dining room features an opening, centered in the facade, that is treated as a door on the outside and as a window on the inside.</p><br>
<p>The Hammond–Harwood House was featured in Bob Vila&#39;s A&E Network production, Guide to Historic Homes of America, in the two-hour segment on the Mid-Atlantic States.</p><br>
<p>Other usesMount Elizabeth </p><br>
<p>The Mount Elizabeth Archeological Site, also known as Raceys Tuckahoe, St. Josephs Novitiate or the Mount Elizabeth Indian Mound is a prehistoric midden and an archaeological site in Jensen Beach, Florida. It is located in Martin County&#39;s Indian RiverSide Park, which includes the former Florida Institute of Technology (Jensen Beach Campus) east of Indian River Drive on the Indian River Lagoon. On September 14, 2002, it was added to the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>National Register listing</h2><br>
<p>Mount Elizabeth Archeological Site</p><br>
<p>(added 2002 - Site - #02001011)</p><br>
<p>Also known as Races (Raceys) Tuckahoe; St. Josephs Novitiate</p><br>
<p>1707 NE Indian River Dr., Jensen Beach</p><br>
<p>Historic Significance: Information Potential</p><br>
<p>Area of Significance: Prehistoric</p><br>
<p>Cultural Affiliation: Late Archaic, Orange III Period, East Okeechobee Cultural Area</p><br>
<p>Period of Significance: 2000-2499 BC, 1500-1999 BC, 1000-1499 BC, 500-999 BC, 499-0 BC, 499-0 AD, 1000-500 AD</p><br>
<p>Owner: Local Gov&#39;t</p><br>
<p>Historic Function: Domestic, Religion</p><br>
<p>Historic Sub-function: Religious Structure, Village Site</p><br>
<p>Current Function: Landscape</p><br>
<p>Current Sub-function: Park</p><br>
<p>The Mala Compra Plantation Archeological Site is an archaeological site in Palm Coast, Florida, on the east bank of the Matanzas River. It is located west of the intersection of State Road A1A and Mala Compra Drive at Bings Landing County Park in Flagler County. On March 5, 2004, it was added to the United States National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Mala Compra (Spanish for "bad bargain" or "bad purchase") was formerly part of one of northeastern Florida&#39;s largest plantation systems (totaling 2,265 acres). Situated on the coast, it belonged to Joseph Marion Hernández (1788–1857), and was worked primarily as a slave-based cotton plantation from 1816 through 1836, when the Seminoles burned it down near the beginning of the Second Seminole War.</p><br>
<p>Preliminary archaeological investigations were conducted at the Mala Compra site in 1999. The study identified the house where Hernández and his family resided when they were not at their home in St. Augustine, and the detached kitchen was also found. The land for the plantation was purchased by Hernández in 1816; cotton and corn were grown there until the settlement was destroyed by marauding Native Americans.</p><br>
<p>The main dwelling-house was described in historical accounts as a 1 1/2-story framed structure with a masonry foundation. Investigations revealed that the building had a coquina block foundation in the eastern part while masonry footers supported the western section. It was almost twice the size of the dimensions cited in the historical descriptions. Wooden floors had been described as well, and traces of them were found, but tabby concrete surfaces were also identified.</p><br>
<p>An account of the state of the plantation in 1836 given by Joseph S. Sanchez to the County Court of St. Johns County in 1837 says that his militia troops found a number of oxen, cattle, and horses; garden enclosures and cattle pens; and "an extensive and thriving sweet orange grove, said to contain 1,500 trees, and a variety of other fruit trees...".</p><br>
<p>Over 14,000 artifacts were recovered by archaeologists and their assistants, including fragments of ceramics and wine bottles, kitchen utensils, kaolin pipes, hinges, nails, and gun parts. The main house and kitchen have been interpreted to provide an interactive historical exhibit for public education and recreation, and plans developed for additional research and preservation of the valuable cultural resources.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1816, the Spanish government granted Hernández a large tract of land at the confluence of Grahams Swamp and what was then the headwaters of the southern end of the Matanzas River, on its western bank. There he cultivated about 700 acres of sugarcane, calling the place St. Joseph plantation. According to a deed dated March 11, 1816, for 1,500 pesos in cash Father Miguel Crosby sold Hernández 800 acres on the coastal barrier island, described as "800 acres with its adjoining marshes on the Matanzas River, bounded on the north by lands of John Bautista Ferreyra". The name "Mala Compra" had been given previously to the property by another owner. In 1818, Hernández bought from Ferreyras son, Francis Ferreira (spelling of these names varied, often in the same document), another property of 375 acres adjoining Mala Compra called Bella Vista. Ferreira was a sea captain who trafficked enslaved African people in Florida. The soil of the cotton fields at Mala Compra was said to have been as white and sandy after some years as the Atlantic beach, yet still produced abundant crops of Sea Island cotton. This was high hammock land where the original growth was almost exclusively Southern live oak.</p><br>
<p>Hernández country residence was the plantation house at Mala Compra, in which the horses trod a path 24 feet in circumference. There were other buildings including a corn crib, a drivers house, and a privy, as well as cabins for people enslaved as forced laborers.</p><br>
<p>Hernández was Florida&#39;s first delegate to the USA Congress in 1822 and 1823 and the first Hispanic to serve in the United States Congress. He was a brigadier general commanding troops of the Florida Militia during the Second Seminole War, who while negotiating with Seminole leader Osceola under a white flag of truce in October 1837, took him captive by order of General Jesup.</p><br>
<p>It was from Mala Compra that Hernandez wrote a letter to Dr. William H. Simmons, dated April 15, 1830, on the cultivation of Cuban tobacco. Simmons and John Lee Williams of Pensacola were commissioned by the second Territorial Council of Florida to select a central point between St. Augustine and Pensacola to serve as capital of the territory in 1823. In 1831, John James Audubon spent ten days as a guest of Hernández at Mala Compra. There he shot dozens of American coots, one of which was a male from which he drew the figure for the plate which appeared in his book The Birds of America.</p><br>
<p>In 1832 the Legislative Council of the Territory of Florida incorporated a company to dig a canal from the head of Matanzas Lagoon to Smiths Creek, a tributary of the Halifax River. With this act a memorial was presented to Congress seeking financial assistance and land grants; subsequently five sections were appropriated for the proposed canal. The company intended to commence the canal at Mala Compra plantation and dig it southward a distance of about 11 or 12 miles through a rich wet savanna, parallel with the coast, to Smiths Creek, about four miles north of John Bulow&#39;s plantation.</p><br>
<p>In the early stages of the Second Seminole War, during the winter of 1835 and 1836, and in the spring of the latter year, both Mala Compra The troops seized and ate the large quantities of corn, hay, sugarcane, and cattle stored on the farm.</p><br>
<p>In the spring, the Seminoles, taking advantage of a temporary evacuation, burned all the buildings of any consequence or value on the sugarcane plantation. At Mala Compra, they burned the cotton warehouse that had been prepared and used as a defensive fortification. They captured three of the 80 people enslaved on the plantation and drove the rest off.</p><br>
<p>Mahonia Hall is the official residence of the governor of Oregon, in Oregons capital city, Salem. The state acquired the building in 1988 with private donations. It is also known as the T. A. Livesley House or Thomas and Edna Livesley Mansion, after its original owners. The house was renamed Mahonia Hall after the scientific name of the Oregon-grape, Mahonia aquifolium, Oregons state flower. The Oregonian held a naming contest in 1988, and Eric Johnson, a 13-year-old from Salem, came up with the winning entry. Other finalists were The Eyrie, Trail&#39;s End, The Oregon House, and The Cascade House. Governor Neil Goldschmidt and his family were the first official residents.</p><br>
<p>The half-timber Tudor-style mansion was designed and built in 1924 by Ellis F. Lawrence, the founder of the University of Oregon School of Architecture, for hop farmer Thomas A. Livesley. The structure includes a ballroom on the third floor, a pipe organ, a wine cellar, and formal gardens; all were part of the original design. The home has 10,000 ft&sup2; of space.</p><br>
<p>Governor Tina Kotek now resides in the mansion.</p><br>
<p>Fort Hill  is a promontory overlooking downtown Frankfort, Kentucky. It is the site of two earthwork forts from the American Civil War. Fort Hill is on the National Register of Historic Places and is now a public park.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Military fortifications were built on the hill by the 103rd Ohio Infantry</p><br>
<p>during the American Civil War to protect the city and its pro-Union state government. In September 1862, the Confederate States of America took control of Frankfort. Frankfort is the only Union capital to have been conquered by Confederate forces during the Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Although the Commonwealth of Kentucky did not secede from the Union, an attempt was made to set up a Confederate government at Bowling Green in western Kentucky.</p><br>
<p>A Bluegrass Kentuckian, George W. Johnson of Scott County, was elected first Confederate Governor of Kentucky. He was killed at the Battle of Shiloh. After his death, Richard Hawes of Bourbon County was inaugurated the next Confederate governor at the Old Capitol Building in Frankfort, on October 4, 1862.</p><br>
<p>While the inauguration ceremonies were still underway, Federal forces appeared on the hill to the west of Frankfort and caused Governor Hawes and the Confederates to speedily conclude the ceremony and withdraw from Frankfort toward Versailles in</p><br>
<p>Woodford County. When the Union forces advanced on Frankfort from Louisville on Oct. 4, 1862, the Southerners retreated south. Four days later, the Battle of Perryville was fought in Boyle County. Unable to capitalize on their battlefield success at Perryville, the Confederates left the state via the Cumberland Gap.</p><br>
<p>Two earthen forts, Fort Boone (not to be confused with Fort Boone) and the larger New Redoubt, were constructed by army engineers, 103rd Ohio Infantry, slave labor, and civilian labor. Written by Lyman Beecher Hannaford, 103rd OVI, March 26, 1863, "we have now moved our encampment up on the hill in the rear of the fort. The regiment moved yesterday morn early". In 1864, local militia in Fort Boone successfully repulsed an attack on Frankfort by raiders from the Confederate cavalry under John Hunt Morgan. Built after the Confederate capture of the Capitol, the New Redoubt never saw conflict and was abandoned soon after construction finished.</p><br>
<p>The land was then returned to farm and pastures, where modifications and adaptations to the Forts were completed in order to increase crop yield.</p><br>
<h2>Today</h2><br>
<p>Fort Hill is now a park and historic site, owned and operated by the city of Frankforts Parks, Recreation, and Historic Sites Department. The main attraction other than the two earthwork forts, is a tremendous a view of the city and the Kentucky River Valley. The 124 acre heavily forested Leslie Morris Park at Fort Hill preserves the remains of the two Civil War earthwork forts. In the early 2000s, the park was heavily used for Civil War reenactments. In 2001, an early 1800s log house, formerly belonging to the Sullivan Family, was gifted to the city of Frankfort by the Kentucky Fish & Wildlife Department. It is now known as the Sullivan House Visitors Center, and is open seasonally for guests. The home contains a meeting space, a gift shop, and is the primary station for tour guides. It is open for visitors from Memorial Day until Halloween. The park is open year-round, from dawn until dusk.</p><br>
<p>The DoubleTree Suites by Hilton Hotel Detroit Downtown - Fort Shelby is a restored historic high-rise hotel, located at 525 West Lafayette Boulevard  in Downtown Detroit, Michigan.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>In 1917, a group of investors sought to build an affordable hotel near Fort Street Union Depot. They hired Schmidt, Garden & Martin of Chicago to design the 10-story, 450-room hotel which opened that year as the Fort Shelby Hotel. The hotel was so successful that in 1926 they broke ground for the first of two planned 450-room expansions, the 27-story Albert Kahn–designed addition opened in 1927. However, the Great Depression halted plans for the second addition. In 1951, the Albert Pick Hotels Company purchased the property and renamed it The Pick-Fort Shelby.</p><br>
<p>An original mural by Louis Grell of Chicago was commissioned for the hotel lobby during the Albert Pick years. In the late 1960s and early 1970s, more business opted for newer suburban accommodations and the Pick-Fort Shelby struggled with low occupancy. Pick closed the hotel in 1973 and sold the building to three young investors who reopened it as The Shelby Hotel, a hotel/apartment complex geared toward youth in 1974, however, this was short-lived and it soon closed again. For many years, the Anchor Bar, a popular watering hole for workers at the nearby Detroit News and Detroit Free Press remained the only tenant until it relocated in 1994. The hotel was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1983.</p><br>
<p>Preliminary preparation for renovation work began in June 2006. It consisted of structural evaluations, asbestos removal, and environmental tests. MCP & Associates, a real estate investment and development firm, started work on this hotel in the spring of 2007. At a news conference on June 26, 2007, Ann Arbor Architectural firm Hobbs + Black Associates Inc. announced it would oversee renovations to the property. The renovations were led by Detroit-based L.S. Brinker, with the first floor Bar & Grill completed by Farmington Hills-based Mccarthy & Smith Inc.</p><br>
<p>The hotel reopened as the &#39;DoubleTree Guest Suites by Hilton Detroit Downtown - Fort Shelby on December 15, 2008. The restored hotel contains 203 guest suites, 56 apartments on the upper floors, a 21,000 ft&sup2; conference center with two ballrooms and 17 Breakout rooms.</p><br>
<p>Colbert&#39;s Ferry was an important Red River crossing between Texas and Indian Territory from about 1853 to 1899. Both the Texas Road and the Butterfield Overland Mail route crossed here. It was located on the Texas Road about southeast of present&ndash;day Colbert, Bryan County, Oklahoma. The nearest town on the Texas side of the river is Denison.</p><br>
<p>The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway (MK&T) built a railroad bridge nearby across the Red River in 1872, which caused Colbert&#39;s Ferry to lose a significant amount of traffic. Frank Colbert, the ferry owner, responded by building his own toll bridge, which replaced the ferry. A flood soon washed away both bridges. Meanwhile, he resumed operating the ferry.</p><br>
<h2>Pre-Civil War</h2><br>
<p>According to the Texas State Historical Association (TSHA), Joseph Mitchell, a Chickasaw farmer began operating a ferry service across the Red River about 1842. The service continued until Mitchell died in 1847. In 1849, Benjamin F. "Frank" Colbert, also a Chickasaw citizen, had moved to this area in the late 1840s, built a house and began to raise cotton and cattle, employing slave labor. In 1853, he got permission from the Chickasaw Nation to establish a ferry across the Red River. Later, he operated Colberts Station in his house at the same location when the Butterfield Overland Mail company established its stage route. Colbert transported Butterfields passengers across the river at no charge. The Colbert post office was opened November 17, 1853, with Walter D. Collins as postmaster.</p><br>
<h2>Post Civil War</h2><br>
<p>The Butterfield Stage ceased operating in this area during the Civil War, but Confederate troops frequently crossed the ferry when moving between Texas and Indian Territory. After the war ended, Colbert&#39;s operations became profitable again because of the cattle drives from Texas to northern markets. The town of Colbert began growing around the station. Travelers had to pay to cross the river in either direction, regardless of whether they used the ferry. According to the Encyclopedia of Oklahoma History and Culture, the rate schedule in 1872 was: "one dollar for a two-horse wagon, one dollar and twenty-five cents for a four-horse wagon, one dollar and fifty cents for six-horse wagon, twenty-five cents for a man and a horse, and ten cents a head for cattle or horses."</p><br>
<p>The Missouri, Kansas and Texas Railway (MK&T) built its own railroad bridge across the Red River in 1872 and began drawing traffic at the expense of Colberts ferry. Colbert got federal permission to build his own bridge in 1874. A major flood destroyed both bridges about a year later, so Colbert quickly put his old ferry back in service. He then sold his bridge charter to the Red River Bridge Company, which completed a new one in 1892. This bridge was also destroyed by a flood in 1908, but the bridge company quickly replaced it. This structure was replaced in 1931 by a new free bridge, after it had triggered a conflict between Oklahoma and Texas known as the Red River Bridge War. After the conflict was resolved, Colberts old bridge was dismantled.</p><br>
<p>Colberts Ferry was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001057) in 1972. Only the footings of B.F. Colberts house are still visible.</p><br>
<p>Horticultural Hall is a conference center in Lake Geneva, Wisconsin. Listed on the National Register of Historic Places, it was built in 1911 as a location for the professional gardeners working on nearby estates to meet and discuss their work.</p><br>
<p>In 1968, the Horticultural Hall served as the site of the first formal Gen Con, organized by Gary Gygax. Gen Con was hosted there until it was moved to the University of Wisconsin–Parkside campus in Kenosha in 1978.</p><br>
<p>The hall was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<p>St. Paul&#39;s Protestant Episcopal Church is a historic Episcopal church located at 122 East Pine Street in Georgetown, Delaware, United States. The congregation started in 1794 but this brick building was completed in 1844. It was remodeled in 1881 by McKim Mead and White of New York City in the early Victorian Gothic style. This is one of the 38 parish churches of the Episcopal Diocese of Delaware, and it is listed on the National Register of Historic Places. Many statesmen from Sussex County are interred in the churchyard, including Caleb R. Layton, Daniel J. Layton, Charles C. Stockley and others.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The congregation was organized on June 21, 1794 soon after the American Revolutionary War, after the Anglican Church was disestablished in the United States and the Episcopal Church was founded. The group acquired a plot of land on Front and Pine streets, though it was never used and sold in 1806. In the absence of a church structure, the Rev. James Wiltbank conducted services infrequently in the court house. In 1804 the congregation acquired the current lot at East Pine and Academy streets. They built a wood-frame structure over the next two decades.</p><br>
<p>In 1805 the Delaware legislature passed an act allowing this vestry to raise $1500 by lottery for the construction of the church. New congregations were learning how to support their parishes. A wooden church was constructed and on January 25, 1806, the Rev. Hamilton Bell dedicated it, though it was not complete. The legislature authorized another lottery in 1827 to raise $10,000 for the construction of an academy and a Masonic Hall in Georgetown, as well as for the completion of St. Paul&#39;s. This lottery was never held.</p><br>
<p>In 1843 the frame church was removed from the site and construction of a new brick church began. This structure was completed in 1844 and consecrated on November 19 of the same year. By 1881 after nearly 40 years, the church had fallen into relative disrepair. It was renovated and remodeled in the early Victorian Gothic style, by the architectural firm of McKim, Mead, and White of New York City, distinguished nationally for designing a number of notable churches. It has been maintained in this style.</p><br>
<p>Rev. James C. Kerr arrived in 1885 and installed the churchs first pipe organ. The following year a Sunday School chapel was organized and a building for it was constructed in the 1870s. Finally in 1897 the complex was completed with a 29 by 43&#39; two-story frame rectory, constructed on adjacent property by John W. Messick for the sum of $1500. The Rev. John Warnock was the first rector to live in the rectory.</p><br>
<p>In 1930 USA Senator Willard Saulsbury, Jr. bequeathed St. Paul&#39;s funds to commission a stained-glass altar window; the work is known as "The Te Deum Window," depicting the faith of the Church as stated in the creed-anthem "The Te Deum." The window was designed by James H. Hogan of the London studios of James Powell & Sons. It was dedicated February 9, 1930 by the bishop.</p><br>
<p>The National Register of Historic Places added the church to its list in 1979. In 1987 a fire of an unknown origin destroyed the parish hall, Sunday School classrooms and sacristy, though the sanctuary and nave were not damaged. These parts were subsequently rebuilt in 1990.</p><br>
<h2>Notable burials</h2><br>
<p>Caleb R. Layton, M.D., (8 September 1851 - 11 November 1930), USA Representative</p><br>
<p>Daniel J. Layton, Esq., (1 August 1879 - 13 May 1960), Attorney General of Delaware, Chief Justice of Delaware Supreme Court</p><br>
<p>Nails Station was a stage stand on the old Butterfield Overland Mail route and the Texas Road in Indian Territory. Sometimes called Blue River Station or Nails Crossing, it was located on the east side of Blue River in what is now Bryan County, Oklahoma. It was operated by Joel H. Nail, a member of a prominent Choctaw family.</p><br>
<p>Nail&#39;s Station was added to the National Register of Historic Places (#72001059) in 1972.</p><br>
<p>The Big Mound Key-Boggess Ridge Archeological District is a historic site near Placida, Florida. It is located southeast of Placida, on Big Mound Key. On December 3, 1990, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Big Mound Key is just off the mainland of the southern end of Cape Haze, at the entrance to Charlotte Harbor. The archaeological site on Big Mound Key covers 13.5 acre, and includes four 20 ft tall mounds arranged in a rectangle, linear ridges, and possible canals. The mounds and ridges consist primarily of conch shells. A radiocarbon date of about 2000 years old has been obtained from near the base of the trenched mound. Most radiocarbon dates and ceramics are from the Weeden Island culture period, about 400 to 900. The mound was the site of a village, possibly the seat of a large chiefdom, serving as an intermediate trade point between the Manasota people of the Tampa Bay area and the Calusa people to the south. There is evidence that the chief lived at the top of one of the mounds.</p><br>
<p>Despite the site&#39;s significance, there has yet to be an extensive excavation and publishing of the findings. The first survey reported was by John Goggin and his students in the early 1950s and later by Bullen & Bullen in 1956. The ceramics taken from the site were consistent with the Glades Period, plain, sand-tempered types found throughout the single south Florida prehistoric culture region.</p><br>
<p>Archaeologist George Luer began investigating Big Mound Key after looters used a bulldozer in 1981 to open up a mound in search of Spanish gold. The land had been purchased by the State of Florida in 1978, but little was done to protect the site. After obtaining a grant from the State of Florida, Luer led an intensive excavation of the site from 2008 until 2011. Consistent with Luer&#39;s theories, despite the overwhelming evidence of: the large mounds made of conch shells, the four semi-circular sand ridges, the hand-dug canal to the mounds from the water, and the high frequency of Glades ceramics, he attributed the site to the Weedon Island culture and not the Calusa. In the same vein, archaeologist Jeffrey McClain Mitchem in his 1989 graduate dissertation stated that this was actually a Safety Harbor Culture site. More recent research shows that the site was much earlier and shares its earthwork forms with those of Poverty Point in Louisiana. A 2011 linguistics study by Julian Granberry links the Calusa to the Tunica Indians who built Poverty Point. There are no known mound complexes on Weeden Island or Safety Harbor that are in any way similar to Big Mound Key.</p><br>
<p>Atchison Village is a community in Richmond, California which was originally built as housing for defense workers from the Kaiser Shipyards. It lies at an elevation of 13 feet . Constructed by the Richmond Housing Authority in 1941 as Richmond&#39;s first public defense housing project, it is one of the only projects funded by the Community Facilities Act of 1940  that still exists in Richmond and one of the few in the nation not destroyed after the war. It is one of 20 public housing projects built in Richmond before and during World War II. The Village  was sold by the government to its residents for $1,512,00.00 February 28, 1957,  remaining mutual housing to this day under the ownership of the Atchison Village Mutual Homes Corporation. Many think it would be covered under Proposition 13 as a single unsold parcel, thus limiting tax increases to 2%, but the Tax Assessor does not treat it that way.</p><br>
<h2>Description</h2><br>
<p>Atchison Village includes 450 apartments of five styles in 97 one-story buildings and 65 two-story buildings. Every unit has ground level access both front and back and fenced backyards. Each unit has a dedicated parking space and there is ample on-street parking near each unit on the public streets.</p><br>
<p>As of May 2012, units cost from $30,000 to $70,000. They are relatively unaffected by the housing bubble or foreclosures, since Use certificates cannot be liened. The low prices may be due to the fact that title to the property is not transferred, but only the occupancy or use rights in the dwelling, making it difficult to take out a loan to buy a Right to Perpetual Use. However, the Atchison Village Credit Union may lend a significant sum against the purchase if the buyer has a co-signer with real property in California.</p><br>
<p>A maintenance fee, currently averaging ~$400 monthly, covers taxes, insurance, reserve funding, structural maintenance, water and sorted waste collection from curbside individual rolling plastic containers.</p><br>
<p>The grounds are landscaped, including a large park and separate soccer and baseball fields with bleachers. There is also a small children&#39;s playground, completely upgraded with modern Big Toys and soft ground. All streets have sidewalks and street lighting and are patrolled by the Richmond Police Department. There is a large laundromat and small supermarket adjacent, at First Street and Macdonald.</p><br>
<p>Point Richmond is within walking distance and has two small supermarkets, a post office, bank, public pool, fire station and library. Closer in the other direction downtown are a medical center/hospital, main P.O., and strip shopping center with major drugstore and supermarket. The entire neighborhood is on the National Register of Historic Places and is part of the Rosie the Riveter/World War II Home Front National Historical Park.</p><br>
<p>The Atchison Village housing project is an example of the local-federal collaboration that provided much-needed housing and domestic support for World War II defense workers and their families. The modest, wood-frame buildings clearly reflect the constraints of time, money and materials placed on publicly funded housing construction during the period, but though simple in design, they have full-dimension clear fir framing and heavy interior plaster. Water mains, electric panels and all roofs have been upgraded at a cost of more than three million dollars. The sewer laterals throughout have been replaced. Reserves for such replacements are replenished through a dedicated portion of the monthly assessments, to avoid the sometimes catastrophic assessments condominium associations may levy when they ignore the need for maintenance of large structural elements.</p><br>
<h2>Inhabitants</h2><br>
<p>Just prior to and during the war, the Lanham Community Facilities Act of 1940 provided $150 million to the Federal Works Agency. It built approximately 625,000 units of housing in conjunction with local authorities nationwide. These were highly sought after and company managers were the most likely to be able to procure housing in Atchison Village during the World War Two era.</p><br>
<p>AV contains 450 co-op living units. Handicap ramps are permitted, and a majority of units are single story. The auditorium and public restroom is handicap accessible.</p><br>
<p>The population of Atchison Village became more diverse over the past several decades and in 2017 was increasingly changing through gentrification. In 2017 Hispanic and middle-age to elderly White members made up a majority of Atchison Village membership.</p><br>
<h2>Crime</h2><br>
<p>Atchison Village is located in the Iron Triangle. Although this area was once known as the highest crime area of Richmond, within Atchison Village the crime rate is actually very low. In 2017 the surrounding area was seeing less crime, as well. This was partly due to traffic control gates that separate it from the greater Iron Triangle community, with only one vehicle entrance/exit. In addition, there is a very active citizenry, some of whom have lived in the village for over fifty years and an excellent Crime Watch and citizen patrol in the evenings.</p><br>
<p>The Richmond police chief, Chris Magnus (chief from 2006 until 2015), was very helpful in increasing police reaction speed to reports of suspicious activity and patrol officers are frequent drop-ins to Atchison Village meetings.</p><br>
<p>The Mayor Gayle McLaughlin endorsed the idea of a "beat cop" to be assigned to the Village at a subsequent resident meeting about violence in the neighborhood. The Village itself has acted to control unlawful behavior, since it does have the power to expel residents by cancelling their membership for gross violations of their share contract with AVMHC.</p><br>
<p>Recent placement of powerful security cameras at the outside of the village and installation of a gunshot locating systems in Richmond&#39;s high-crime areas has increased policing effectiveness and lowered crime. Prospects are good for continued low crime. The 2009 wave of home desertions did not affect Atchison Village which promptly repairs and auctions empty units. In 2017, vacancy rates were almost always at zero. It should be pointed out, also, that due to the recent gentrification to a largely middle-aged to elderly white population, the prices of homes in 2023 have increased sharply to upwards of $200K+ whereas many members as recently as 2017 were buying in at under $100K.</p><br>
<h2>Legal issues</h2><br>
<p>Overall Atchison Village Mutual Homes Corporation is governed under the California Nonprofit Mutual Benefit Corporations Codes with an eleven-member board of directors, elected at large from the membership. In 2009 it was financially stable and was steadily building structural reserves. Member disputes are largely handled by private hearings and mediation. Members may, however, be expelled for gross infractions of rules included in the contract. This happens very rarely, however, averaging less than one incident in three years for 450 memberships. Since it is a Mutual Homes Association, there have been legal challenges to its inclusion under the Davis–Stirling Common Interest Development Act (certain sections of the California Civil Code which cover Common Interest Developments). A Corporation lawyer advised that the Corporation include it under the Act, although in a 1994 court case, DeForrest v. Atchison Village, the Superior Court judge ruled that technically, the Village is not included therein. However, most corporate decisions made by the Board do include consideration of current D-S regulations.</p><br>
<h2>Transit</h2><br>
<p>Atchison Village is served by the AC Transit 72M bus line, which runs east from Atchison Village up Macdonald Avenue to San Pablo Avenue and then south along San Pablo Avenue to downtown Oakland. A recent addition is the Circular Shuttle, a free service of the City of Richmond, which runs on MacDonald Avenue, and as far north as Doctor&#39;s Hospital.</p><br>
<p>There are connections in Point Richmond for buses to Marin County and points north and south, as well as the 72M stops at the combined BART and Amtrak Richmond station to Davis, Sacramento, and beyond. Freeway access to Interstate 580 and the Richmond-San Rafael Bridge is excellent down one mile of parkway.</p><br>
<h2>Environmental issues</h2><br>
<p>The Chevron Richmond Refinery is about one mile west across Richmond Parkway, the BNSF railway Intermodal switching and loading yard and the Richmond Parkway. An accident at the refinery on January 15, 2007, revealed defects in the community notification system, and several members of the community were affected by fumes. Richmond City Councilman Tom Butt has said that he will make sure that this will not happen again.</p><br>
<p>Prevailing winds are from the southwest, off San Francisco Bay, but air quality suffers due to nearby commercial activity.</p><br>
<p>Currently there is much community environmental activism concerning a plan by Chevron to add facilities to process heavier grades of crude oil with more sulfur content (sour crude).</p><br>
<p>Big Mound City  is a prehistoric site near Canal Point, Florida, United States. It is located 10 miles east of Canal Point, off USA Route 98. On May 24, 1973, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places. It is located inside the J.W. Corbett Wildlife Management Area.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Big Mound City is the site of one of four recognized monumental Native American earthworks built in the Lake Okeechobee Basin area of southeastern Florida. Dating from the Glades period III (circa 1000 AD), it is a combination of at least nine mound structures and a ridge complex, including radiating causeways and crescent-shaped man-made ponds. Some of the mounds have been identified as burial mounds. Despite there being no data, such as ceramics, recovered from the site, the site has appeared repeatedly in compilations referencing the archaeology of south Florida. Researchers of mound-building cultures in Florida such as Jerald Milanich believe that the same Indians who built Big Mound City also built Tony&#39;s Mound, Fort Center and the Ortona Prehistoric Village, all in the Lake Okeechobee Basin area.</p><br>
<p>The Portavant Mound  is an archaeological site on Snead Island within the Emerson Point Preserve, just west of Palmetto, Florida. On December 23, 1994, it was added to the USA National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The Portavant Mound (or Snead Island Temple Mound) is one of fifteen or more "temple mounds" produced by the Safety Harbor culture (900–1725) found in the vicinity of Tampa Bay. The mound is four meters high, measures 45 m by 75 m at the base, and has a flat top that is 24 m by 46 m. Unlike other "temple mounds" around the Tampa Bay area, the Portavant Mound does not have a ramp to the top of the mound. There is a lower (one m high) platform, about 30 m by 30 m, that abuts the main mound. The Portavant Mound was made from soil mixed with debris from middens. Several other mounds, also consisting of soil mixed with midden debris, are near the "temple mound".</p><br>
<p>The Portavant Mound site has been the target of a stabilization project to protect the mounds from damage from river erosion, looting, foot traffic, and exotic vegetation.</p><br>
<p>The Camlin Hotel is an historic hotel in Downtown Seattle, Washington. The hotel was added to the National Register of Historic Places in 1999.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Design</h3><br>
<p>The architect for the Camlin was Carl L. Linde of Portland, a one time brewery builder, who had built the edifice to resemble an Italian castle. The 94 apartments had all of the latest conveniences, such as "shower baths" and dinettes and kitchenettes. The penthouse comprised the entire 11th floor.</p><br>
<p>On October 31, 1926, the Camlin Apartment Hotel had its official opening. The Seattle Times at the time stated,</p><br>
<p>the exterior effect of the Camlin is such as to make it stand out from all parts of the city. Instinctively, the thought is born of the magnificent view of the Sound and Olympics which is to be had from the lofty windows in the rear of this edifice. Nothing has been spared in the way of expense in its construction. The Camlin stands as a monument to Seattle&#39;s development, a mark which equals anything to be found anywhere on the Pacific Coast.</p><br>
<h3>Finance problems</h3><br>
<p>The building of the Camlin Hotel was sponsored by Adolph Linden and Edmund W. Campbell, the President and Vice-President/Secretary of the Puget Sound Savings & Loan. However, in May, 1926, the month of the hotels opening, a bank employee had noticed some questionable withdrawals, and had brought them to the attention of the banks board. The withdrawals included $866,000 to finish the Camlin Hotel.</p><br>
<p>The State Supervisor of Savings and Loans, Mr. W.L. Nicely, after meeting with the board and looking at the evidence stated,</p><br>
<p>This resulted in the meeting of the officers and directors with the supervisor October 2, when it was decided, with my advice and concurrence, that instead of closing the institution, the interests of the shareholder would be better served by securing an agreement with Linden and Campbell to make restitution as far as possible by turning over to the association all of their personal and other holdings, including the Camlin Apartment Hotel, under a trust agreement, and that, under the direction of the supervisor an endeavor would be made to restore the impairment of the capital of the association, the same officers and directors to continue in office, and the completion of the Camlin Apartment Hotel, which is under construction, to be carried out.</p><br>
<p>It took a year for this trust to be finalized and put on record. It was valued at $1.75 million, and included everything that Campbell and Linden owned. The agreement was not made public at the time.</p><br>
<h3>Sale</h3><br>
<p>Before the Puget Sound Savings and Loan went under in 1931, the Camlin had been sold to the Vance Lumber Company, which already owned Seattle&#39;s Vance Hotel.</p><br>
<h2>Building modifications</h2><br>
<p>In 1942, Vance proposed the addition of a cocktail lounge to the top floor of the Camlin. The penthouse, which had never been as successful as hoped, would be converted into the Cloud Room. At the same time, fifty new rooms were added, by cutting down the size of the original rooms.</p><br>
<h3>The Cloud Room</h3><br>
<p>In the ensuing years, the Cloud Room hosted numerous famous faces, among them Frank Sinatra, Dean Martin, Elvis Presley, Dizzy Gillespie, Miles Davis, Bonnie Raitt, John Lee Hooker, and Elvis Costello. The Cloud Room had the smoky atmosphere of a speakeasy, with the comforts of a four star restaurant. Live entertainment was the main idea, and several acts got their start there. In the 1950s, the Camlin also housed the studios and offices of radio station KVI AM 570.</p><br>
<p>With the recent purchase of the hotel by Trendwest, the Cloud Room was closed and replaced by penthouse units. It can still be seen in the film The Fabulous Baker Boys, (although it was not, as is commonly rumored, the location of the famous scene where Michelle Pfeiffer sings the song Makin&#39; Whoopee while sitting on a piano. That scene was filmed in the Crystal Ballroom of the Biltmore Hotel in Los Angeles).</p><br>
<h3>Cabana units</h3><br>
<p>In 1960, in preparation for the 1962 World&#39;s Fair, 52 cabana units were added, along with a pool and a sun deck for a total cost of $2 million.</p><br>
<h2>Other uses</h2><br>
<p>After 1960, the Camlin was home to the Italian Consulate. In one promotional device, a 40 ft yacht floating in the pool, was housed inside the hotel. When the boat&#39;s bilge pump malfunctioned, and it started taking on water, it was even more of an advertisement: "Boat sinks in Downtown Seattle."</p><br>
<p>In the late 1960s, the Camlin Hotel hosted performers for the legendary Sky River Rock Festival in Sultan, Washington.</p><br>
<h2>Changes of ownership</h2><br>
<p>In the late 1980s and 1990s, the Camlin went through many owners. One owner, in 1990, was planning to sell all the antique furniture, but was stopped only when the Washington State Attorney General&#39;s office slapped a lien on it for tax evasion.</p><br>
<p>In 2003 the Camlin was bought by Trendwest Resorts, to become the jewel in the crown of their properties worldwide. After more than a year, and $21 million in remodeling, the Camlin was reopened and it is now known as "Worldmark Seattle: The Camlin."</p><br>
<p>Eagle Island Camp, also known as Camp Eagle Island or simply EIC, is a youth summer camp and former Girl Scout camp in Franklin County, New York, located on Eagle Island on Upper Saranac Lake in New York&#39;s Adirondack region. The site is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h2>Adirondack Great Camp years</h2><br>
<p>The camp occupies buildings originally built in 1903 as a summer retreat for New York Governor and United States Vice President Levi Morton and designed by architect William L. Coulter. The mainland camp now known as Pine Brook was originally a part of the Morton Great Camp. Camp Eagle Island was included in a multiple property submission for listing on the National Register of Historic Places in 1986, was listed there in 1987, and was named a National Historic Landmark in 2004.</p><br>
<h2>Girl Scout years</h2><br>
<p>Eagle Island Camp became a Girl Scout property in 1938, when the Graves family of Orange, New Jersey, gave the island to the Maplewood-South Orange Girl Scout Council. After a series of council mergers, the last council to own the property and operate the camp was Girl Scouts Heart of New Jersey. The Council operated it as overnight camp through the summer of 2008 and voted to sell it on October 11, 2010.</p><br>
<h2>Later years</h2><br>
<p>The camp property, including Eagle Island, two smaller islands, and a staging area on Gilpin Bay Road on the mainland, was purchased on November 6, 2015 by The Friends of Eagle Island, Inc. (now Eagle Island, Inc.), which operates the property as a youth camp.</p><br>
<p>Fort King  was a United States military fort in north central Florida, near what later developed as the city of Ocala. It was named after USA Colonel William King, commander of 4th Infantry Regiment and the first governor of the provisional West Florida region.</p><br>
<p>The fort was built by the USA Military in 1827 during tensions with the Seminole in Florida, a tribe of mostly Creek people who formed in the early nineteenth century. The fort was established originally to serve as a buffer between new settlers and the Seminole. It became an important base in the 1830s for the United States Army during the removal of the Seminole and the Seminole Wars. It later served as a courthouse in 1844 after the organization of Marion County, but was abandoned altogether, eventually. The residents took it apart in order to salvage building materials. The site of the fort is preserved as a National Historic Landmark near the corner of East Fort King Street and 39th Avenue in Ocala. The fort was reconstructed in order to be as historically accurate as possible in late 2017.</p><br>
<p>Archeological investigation has revealed the site was occupied during two lengthy periods by varying cultures of indigenous peoples, beginning as early as 6500 BC, more than 8,000 years ago.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<h3>Prehistory</h3><br>
<p>Archaeological investigations have revealed that the area was inhabited long before the arrival of the Spanish in the area. At least two periods of occupation have been identified: between 6500 and 2000 B.C., and 200 to 1500 A.D.</p><br>
<h3>The fort</h3><br>
<p>Fort King was constructed by the United States Army in 1827 to serve as a buffer between the Seminole (who occupied territory to the south according to the Moultrie Creek Treaty reservation area) and European Americans settling north of this point. It was located at the nexus of a system of military roads. Fort King Road led from the fort to Fort Brooks (near Orange Springs); Fort McCoy; a ford at the St. Johns River which became the town of Astor; Palatka, Jacksonville, and Fort Brooke (on Tampa Bay), among others. The fort fell into disuse after 1829.</p><br>
<p>The fort was activated as a base for the United States removal of the Seminole to Indian Territory west of the Mississippi River, in 1832, as part of the Treaty of Payne&#39;s Landing. The Second Seminole War, beginning in late 1835 in central Florida, heightened the importance of the fort. It was a center of United States military activity during the next seven years, due to its strategic location. On December 23, 1835, a USA Army column led by Major Francis L. Dade departed from Fort Brooke (present-day Tampa), to reinforce and resupply the garrison at Fort King. Along the way, the column was ambushed by Seminole warriors in what is now known as the Dade Battle on December 28, 1835. On that same day a group of Seminole raiders assassinated USA official Wiley Thompson at Fort King. These two Seminole attacks marked the beginning of the Second Seminole War.</p><br>
<p>In July 1836 the Seminoles burned down Fort King after it was abandoned by the USA Army. However the USA Army later returned and rebuilt Fort King in April 1837. In May 1839 the Macomb Treaty, a peace treaty negotiated between USA Army General Alexander Macomb and the Seminole tribe, was created at Fort King. However this peace treaty would fall apart just two months later after the Battle of the Caloosahatchee. The fort was used in 1844 as the first county courthouse after the organization of Marion County. The building was abandoned eventually. Early settlers thoroughly took apart the fort to salvage building materials.</p><br>
<h3>20th century to today</h3><br>
<p>In October 1927, the founding members of the Ocala Chapter National Society Daughters of the American Revolution purchased the fort&#39;s memorial property, vowing to promote and protect its history for future generations. They raised the funds to erect a granite monument on the property to honor the men who bravely served our state and country here. On August 26, 2017, the Ocala Chapter National Society Daughters of the American Revolution continued the tradition by hosting a remembrance and dedication ceremony at the Fort King property and a granite bench was dedicated.</p><br>
<p>The 1953 movie Seminole is set around Fort King, although the events portrayed are historically inaccurate. In 2013 the Fort King Heritage Association was formed to develop, promote and protect the site. In the fall of 2017 a replica of the fort was reconstructed on the original site; the site is 37 acres of undeveloped, vacant land in the middle of a residential area. The site is owned by the City of Ocala and Marion County. Three historical markers commemorate the site: a Memorial Marker near the Fort Site, a National Historic Landmark near the former location of the fort (it was designated in February 2004), and a marker at the old Fort Cemetery Site. In December 2022, the Festival of Fort King, which includes living history events, returned to the park.</p><br>
<p>The Bear Lake Mounds Archeological District is a USA historic district  located north of Flamingo, Florida, east of Bear Lake.</p><br>
<p>It suffered extensive damaged from Hurricane Wilma on October 24, 2005, and it, as well as the trail and surrounding boardwalk has been closed to the public since then.</p><br>
<p>The trail to Bear Lake was reopened in March 2008 to foot and bicycle traffic.</p><br>
<p>The Garden District is a residential neighborhood located in Baton Rouge&#39;s Mid-City area where Park Boulevard intersects Government Street. The Garden District is an established historic area with many upscale homes and an active civic association http://gdcabr.org/.</p><br>
<p>The Garden District is actually a conglomerate of three historic districts as defined by the Louisiana National Register of Historic Places. They are Roseland Terrace, Drehr Place, and Kleinert Terrace.</p><br>
<h2>Roseland Terrace Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Roseland Terrace is bounded by Government, 18th, Myrtle, and 22nd Streets. Placed on the National Register in 1982, it dates from between 1911 and 1930. The 65 acre area comprises a total of 346 resources, of which 302 are contributing properties. Almost all of the properties are one and two-story residences. The contributing Reiley-Reeves House on Park Avenue is also individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<h3>History</h3><br>
<p>Baton Rouge&#39;s first subdivision, Roseland Terrace, was "staked out" in 1911 by the Zadok Realty Company, which had bought the land in 1910 for the sum of $50,000. Prior to this time, the area had been a racetrack and had a decidedly rural character. The fence surrounding the track was covered with wild Cherokee roses. Stories are told that people warned Zadok Realty that the lots would never sell because they were too far out in the country.</p><br>
<p>A citywide contest was held to name the development, and the winning entry was Roseland Terrace, in honor of the Cherokee roses in the area. To continue this theme, the streets were given flower names. The Zadok Realty Company made a deliberate effort to preserve and enhance the bucolic nature of the area by, for example, planting trees and hiding the telephone poles in the back alleyways. The company&#39;s ads boasted that there would be no telephone poles in the streets, but instead that they would be placed in the alleyways behind the residences so that everyone would be spared from "an unsightly conglomeration of poles and wires." Another ad guaranteed prospective buyers freedom from "a century&#39;s haphazard, careless growth."</p><br>
<p>Zadok Realty Company&#39;s promotional campaign was obviously successful because after two years they had sold 408 lots at prices ranging from $150 to $500. As can be seen in the extant houses in the district, Roseland Terrace hit its peak of popularity in the late teens and the 1920s. By around 1930 development was virtually complete.</p><br>
<h3>Architecture and planning</h3><br>
<p>The earliest houses reflect the Queen Anne Colonial Revival influence of the late nineteenth century. These houses have features such as small fluted columns, curved galleries, semioctagonal bays, and relatively elaborate rooflines. Building in Roseland Terrace underwent a boom between about 1917 and 1930. During this period large numbers of bungalows were constructed. The basic bungalow is a raised, pitched roof, frame structure, 2 rooms wide and 3 rooms deep. The plan is hall less and has wide openings between the public rooms. In all but a few cases there is some sort of front porch. Some have half porches and some have full porches.</p><br>
<p>The Roseland Terrace Historic District is significant in the area of architecture as an example of an early twentieth century residential neighborhood. It retains 88% of its pre-1930 housing stock. Moreover, with close to 300 well developed bungalows in a concentrated area, Roseland Terrace is one of the best preserved early-twentieth century neighborhoods in Louisiana.The overwhelming majority of the structures in the district exemplify the classic bungalow style. These houses are characterized by broad openness, elaborate transfer of weight, massing that hugs the ground, and the bold expression of structural members. Because of this, Roseland Terrace is an excellent representation of the bungalow period, which is an important chapter in the history of American domestic architecture.</p><br>
<p>Roseland Terrace is also significant in the area of community planning. It was Baton Rouge&#39;s first subdivision, and as such it began a trend in suburban growth which has come to characterize the sprawling city. It is also a fine representative example of the type of early twentieth century bedroom suburb which sprang up around major eastern cities in the early twentieth century. These were designed to give working men in the cities a more rural domestic life. Roseland Terrace exemplifies the early twentieth century "garden suburb" with its small lots, liberal planting of trees along streets, and rear alleyways. In addition, it is finer than most because utility poles were deliberately placed (and are still located) along the rear alleyways. Thus, the bucolic atmosphere is preserved and enhanced. Roseland Terrace was Baton Rouge&#39;s first planned subdivision as well as its most significant reflection of the ideas and concepts which ultimately led to the Garden City Movement.</p><br>
<h2>Drehr Place Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Drehr Place Historic District is roughly bounded by Government Street, South 22nd Street, Myrtle Avenue, and Saint Rose Avenue. The 37 acre area comprises a total of 112 resources, of which 89 are contributing properties. Almost all of the properties are one and two-story residences. The contributing Sanders House on Wisteria Street is also individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>Contributing buildings dates from 1921 to 1947. The origins of the district dates back to 1919, when Alvin L. Drehr purchased a 40 acre plot of land, then known as Kugler Tract. A 1922 map and a 1926 deed confirm the area to be named Drehr&#39;s Place.</p><br>
<p>The district was enlisted on the National Register of Historic Places on November 13, 1997. The East Baton Rouge Parish Historic Preservation Commission http://www.brgov.com/dept/planning/historic/historic.htm declared Drehr Place a local historic district in October 2005. The Drehr Place Historic Building Survey http://www.brgov.com/dept/planning/historic/pdf/DrehrBuildingInventory.pdf contains photographs of Drehr Place homes.</p><br>
<h2>Kleinert Terrace Historic District</h2><br>
<p>Kleinert Terrace Historic District is roughly bounded by Myrtle Avenue, Perkins Road, Broussard Street, and South Eugene Street. The 60 acre area comprises a total of 182 resources, of which 142 are contributing properties dating from 1927 to 1947. Almost all of the properties are one and two-story residences. The contributing Pecue House on Myrtle Avenue and Manship House on Kleinert Avenue are also individually listed on the National Register of Historic Places.</p><br>
<p>The district was enlisted on the National Register of Historic Places on March 5, 1998.</p><br>
<h2>The Garden District in popular culture</h2><br>
<p>Steven Soderbergh, a former longtime resident who considers Baton Rouge his hometown, shot his first feature film, Sex, Lies, and Videotape, on location in the Garden District (Laura San Giacomo&#39;s character lives in a Garden District home) and other Baton Rouge neighborhoods; although not overtly set in Baton Rouge, the characters do speak of renting in the Garden District.</p><br>
<p>The Fort Walton Mound  is an archaeological site located in present-day Fort Walton Beach, Florida, United States. The large platform mound was built about 850 CE by the Pensacola culture, a local form of the Mississippian culture. Because of its significance, the mound was designated a National Historic Landmark in 1964.</p><br>
<p>Still reduced by time, the massive mound is still 12 ft high and 223 ft wide at the base. It was an expression of a complex culture, built by a hierarchical society whose leaders planned and organized the labor of many workers for such construction. The mound served combined ceremonial, political and religious purposes. At the center of the village and its supporting agricultural lands, the mound served as the platform for the temple and residence of the chief. Successive leaders were buried in the mound and additional layers were added over time.</p><br>
<p>This is one of three surviving mound complexes in the panhandle, the others being Letchworth Mounds and Lake Jackson Mounds state parks.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>The Fort Walton Mound was probably built around 800 CE, although Charles H. Fairbanks who excavated the mound in 1960 believed it was built between 1500 and 1650 based on pottery sherds he uncovered and analyzed. The mound served as the ceremonial and political center of their chiefdom and probably the residence of the chief. It was also the burial ground of the elites in the society. Archaeological evidence suggests that several buildings once stood on top of the mound, perhaps at different times throughout its use. These buildings were probably done in the typical wattle and daub construction common among Southeastern Native American groups. By sometime in the late 1600s the mound was abandoned by its original builders and lay dormant in use until the area was reinhabited by white settlers in the mid 19th century.</p><br>
<p>The Confederate soldiers established "Camp Walton" at the base of Fort Walton Mound in 1861 during the Civil War to guard Santa Rosa Sound and Choctawhatchee Bay. As with many of Florida&#39;s mound structures, the Fort Walton Mound was first excavated by antiquarians and amateur archaeologists. The Walton Guard soldiers are the first recorded group to have excavated the mound. John Love McKinnon, an officer with the Walton Guards at the time, wrote a description of their excavation in his book "History of Walton County." McKinnon noted that several human remains the soldiers unearthed were from large individuals and probably belonged to warriors as indicated by damage they observed on the skulls, thighs and arms bones consistent with hacking and blunt force trauma. He speculated that the area they dug into was once a charnel house. Walker surveyed several mounds in the Florida Panhandle and noted that many curiosity seekers had dug into the mound over the years. Walker noted that Dr. S.S. Forbes from Milton, Florida, had excavated the mound previously and discovered bones and several clay effigies which he later donated to the Smithsonian.</p><br>
<p>Clarence Bloomfield Moore also excavated the mound in 1901 and brought many before unseen ceramic vessels and burial items to light. In 1940 the highly respected archaeologist Gordon Willey and Richard Woodbury reexamined the Fort Walton Mound and other sites Moore had visited. Their work here was mentioned in Willeys highly acclaimed work "Archaeology of the Florida Gulf Coast," which he completed when he worked for the Bureau of American Ethnology Smithsonian Institution. By 1960 Dr. Charles Fairbanks, an archaeologist and professor at Florida State University, was contacted by the city and he excavated the mound to determine the original size, shape, and construction method of the mound. Throughout the 1960s and 1970s the Fort Walton Mound was excavated by members of the museum staff under the guidance of William and Yulee Lazarus. In 1971-1973 with the help of Depauw Universitys Robert J. Fornaro the mound was excavated to locate post holes and recover ceramic material that might fit vessels found earlier. The last excavation of the Fort Walton Mound occurred in 1976 by then FSU graduate student Nina Thanz (Borremans). Thanz was tasked with making sure the reconstruction of a temple building being planned for the top of the mound would not disturb any human remains or artifacts during construction. She found several post holes from different structures built on top of the mound and evidence for a charnel house. Her findings of post holes became one source of the dimensions to the building structure that stands on the mound today. According to the first curator of the Indian Temple Mound Museum Yulee Lazarus the reconstruction of the temple building that currently stands on top of the mound was never intended on being a "replica," but rather to "bolster the imagination and interpretation of the Indians&#39; use of the temple mound."</p><br>
<h2>Fort Walton Culture</h2><br>
<p>The mounds were built by the people of the Pensacola culture, a regional variation of the Mississippian culture. The site was abandoned by 1500 A.D. but the exact reason for the abandonment is unknown. It has been speculated that this was due to the arrival of European settlers, but this statement is unproven because the sites were already found abandoned by Spanish explorers years before.</p><br>
<p>The people are recognized as being one of the most successful pre-Columbian cultures in regards to agriculture. A number of crops were successful including corn, beans, and squash. The mound itself appears in a common architectural fashion for the period with features such as a pyramidal base with a truncated top. The flat top was used for ceremonies, temples, and residences for high-ranking officials.</p><br>
<h2>Fort Walton Beach Heritage Park & Cultural Center</h2><br>
<p>Fort Walton Mound is now protected as part of the Fort Walton Beach Heritage Park & Cultural Center, which features several museums included with admission: the Indian Temple Mound Museum, Camp Walton Schoolhouse Museum, Garnier Post Office Museum and Civil War Exhibits Building.</p><br>
<h3>Indian Temple Mound Museum</h3><br>
<p>The city-owned and operated Indian Temple Mound Museum features pre-Columbian artifacts found on site and from other locations, as well as a variety of exhibits on later Native American and Floridian history including artifacts from the European Explorers, local pirates and early settlers. The address is 139 Miracle Strip Pkwy SE, near the intersection of State Road 85 and USA Route 98, in the Florida Panhandle. The museum was first opened in 1962 and the current location was opened in 1972.</p><br>
<h3>Camp Walton Schoolhouse Museum</h3><br>
<p>The Camp Walton Schoolhouse Museum was the original one-room schoolhouse built in 1911. It opened for use for the community children from 1912 to 1936. Opened in 1976, the museum features early-20th-century desks and education items.</p><br>
<h3>Garnier Post Office Museum</h3><br>
<p>The Garnier Post Office Museum is an original small rural post office that displays the postal history of Camp Walton and Fort Walton with emphasis from 1900 to the 1950s. The site also served as a voting location. The museum opened in 1988.</p><br>
<h3>Civil War Exhibits Building</h3><br>
<p>Opened in 2010, the Civil War Exhibits Building features displays about Florida&#39;s history during the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>Allaire Village is a living history museum located within New Jerseys Allaire State Park in Wall Township, Monmouth County, New Jersey. The property was initially an Indian ceremonial ground prior to 1650, by 1750 a sawmill had been established on the property by Issac Palmer. The village was later established as a bog iron furnace originally known as Williamsburg Forge Monmouth Furnace&#39; was then renamed the Howell Works by Benjamin B. Howell. In 1822, it was then purchased by philanthropist James P. Allaire, who endeavoured to turn into a self-contained community. The wood burning furnace business collapsed in 1846 and the village closed. During its height, the town supported about 500 people. Following his death, the property passed through a number of family members before being used by the Boy Scouts who started to restore the buildings for use as a summer camp. Losing the lease, the property then passed to the State of New Jersey. Allaire Village and its existing buildings are now operated by a non-profit organization - Allaire Village, Inc. Historic interpreters work using period tools and equipment in the blacksmith, tinsmith, and carpentry shops, while the old bakery sells cookies, and general store serves as a museum gift-shop styled store. The church building is frequently used for weddings. The village relies heavily on volunteers to provide historical interpretation and to model historic crafts for the visitors. The site is also host to community events such as community band concerts, antique sales, weekly flea markets and square dance competitions.</p><br>
<h2>History</h2><br>
<p>Allaire Village is the history of a particular geological formation and the man who was drawn to it because of his business needs. Throughout the course of his ownership, James Peter Allaire created a thriving community centered around the bog iron industry, with his company known as Howell Works, which was just one of his business concerns. Allaire owned a marine steam engineering plant in New York City, the Allaire Iron Works, a steam packet line and various steamships that, together, gave him the resources to control his business from the raw materials to the finished product. When building up the community, he constructed the largest furnace in the US at the time for the iron ore. The Historic Allaire Village that remains today reflects the ideals of James P, Allaire and of the industrial era that flourished between the end of the War of 1812 and the years just before the American Civil War.</p><br>
<p>The rise and fall of Allaires business enterprises encompasses the period from 1822 to 1855, commonly referred to as the Jacksonian Era, during which began industrialization and mechanization on a large scale, and the rise of urban and rural industrial communities, reform movements such as temperance, anti-slavery, free churches and free schools. Through Allaires constant search for financing and capital the difficult economic times can be felt, particularly the Panic of 1837, the first economic depression to disrupt this nation&#39;s economy.</p><br>
<p>During the War of 1812, an embargo on British products and goods caused businessmen like Allaire much difficulty in procuring the resources needed for America&#39;s fledgling industrial base. For Allaire, the embargo created a scarcity of iron stock necessary for his manufacturing operations and led him to look at acquiring a satisfactory means of assuring a steady, inexpensive supply of raw materials.</p><br>
<p>What initially interested Allaire in the property now known as Historic Allaire Village was the presence of significant quantities of bog iron ore. This bog ore, so called because of its formation in marshes and swampy areas, was a valuable resource in America before the discovery of vast iron ore deposits in the mountains of Northern New Jersey and Pennsylvania. Unlike the latter ore, bog ore is easily accessible and requires no deep shaft or strip mining to extract it. He also saw the then virgin forests in the vicinity would produce excellent fuel for the smelting&#39;of bog iron ore.</p><br>
<p>Bog ore is a renewable resource when mined and utilized with care. It is produced when rain water leaches out humic and tannic acids and reacts with carbon dioxide, which is produced as a part of the natural life-cycle of microorganisms in the soil. Part of this leachate consists of iron particles from deeper in the soil. As the water passes through these areas of loamy soil, also called marl, it deposits a solution of iron carbonate which rises up to the surface. This iron carbonate then combines with the surface soil and, over time, hardens into a solid mass. This process only takes about 25 to 35 years, making it an ideal, almost perpetual resource for industry but only if treated with respect. If the ore bed is left undeveloped and unpolluted, the beds can be mined indefinitely farther south in New Jersey. The operators of furnaces were forced to purchase ore from Staten Island, New York, because the ore beds had been over-mined.</p><br>
<h2>Restoration</h2><br>
<p>Deserted in 1846, the property occasionally saw residents. Newspaper accounts report that a few of the houses were occupied and one cottage briefly restored as the "Delisle Inn&quot but most buildings sat largely unused. The property passed through family members until 1901 when it was purchased by Arthur Brisbane. Arthur Brisbane used a couple of the buildings for residences until the late 1920s.</p><br>
<p>Starting about 1900, the village was used as a backdrop for silent movies. Most notable of the films using the backdrop was Lilac Time. in 1929, 800 acres of the area that had become known as the "Deserted Village" was rented to the Monmouth County Boy Scouts for summer camping. The camp was called "Camp Burton at Allaire". When the Boy Scouts took over the area, the abandoned buildings were quite dilapidated. The Boy Scouts partnered with other organizations for the initial restoration of many of the structures. For example, the Asbury Park Kiwanis club helped with the general store restoration; the Foreman&#39;s cottage was restored by St. James Church in Red Bank (it served as the first aid hut during camping and programs); the Belmar Kiwanis club set up an athletic field. The camp sites were also open to other organizations such as the Girl Scouts, 4-H, Masons, and others. During the depression, the area was used as a camp for the Civilian Conservation Corps. Following the Death of Arthur Brisbane, the council lost the use of the property and the 1940 season was the last season. A plaque can be found on the side of the General Store giving a salute to the BSA program during this time frame.</p><br>
<p>In 1941, Mrs. Phoebe C. Brisbane (Arthur Brisbane&#39;s Widow) deeded the property to the state for development into a recreational park as a memorial to her husband. The state of New Jersey allowed the war department to build a mock "German Town" on the property during World War II for training of troops at Fort Monmouth. Due to lack of restoration funds, the state of New Jersey made a 25-year lease to a non-profit called the "Deserted Village of Allaire" to allow them to start restoration in the mid 1950s. The initial 11-member board of trustees consisted of one member who was actually a descendant of James Allaire; Edwin B. Allaire was a member of the board in 1957.</p><br>
<p>Attempts to raise funds for restoration stated about 1952. The buildings and property sat idle till restoration funds became available in 1957. At that point, the property had again become overrun with vegetation and buildings were in dis-repair. The Blacksmith shop and the General Store were the initial focus of the restoration. Following that, the stables and bakery were restored. The Stables were restored with the focus to become a riding academy. The Allaire Village was Dedicated as a State Park in June 1957 and officially reopened by Governor Robert B. Meyner on May 24, 1958. The museum was established through the efforts of the New Jersey State Federation of Womans Clubs in 1958. Although the restoration of the Village is not yet complete, the buildings that remain, the interpretive programs based on a multitude of available primary records, and even the landscape make Allaire Village a rare resource. Through them, visitors are able to experience and better understand the forces that shaped New Jerseys industrial power in the early 19th century.</p><br>
